PROJECT MANAGEMENT:LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

What is the Logical Framework?
It's a summary of worksheet from presentation of the project development hypothesis and analyzing a project design.
It has four horizontal raw s ; goal, purpose, outputs and inputs.
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 











CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING TARGETS
Is te degree of change significant? Another way of asking this is, "How much of a difference makes a difference"

The range of progress expected should be defined in advance.

Change observed can then be labeled unsatisfactory, adequate, or satisfactory.

The meaning of unsatisfactory must be given in terms of a standard.











"PIVTAC"-THE SIX-STEP TEST FOR INDICATORS
PLAUSIBLE
A believable or genuine measure of the project level?
Should vary with progress achievement, but not vary significantly with changes in unrelated factors.
INDEPENDENT
Separate, discrete, and distinct from measures at other levels?
No indicator may be used for more than one level.
VERIFIABLE
Objectively verifiable. Impartial, tangible, or material?
Could both a skeptic and an advocate of the project be expected to agree on the facts shown by the indicators?
TARGETTED
Explicit or specific including the quantity, type, the time, and if appropriate, the target audience, or place?
ACCESSIBLE
Are the information sources which are listed – reasonably available or accessible?
Are additional special studies, or surveys required?
(If so, are funds and skilled personnel available to conduct them?)
COMPREHENSIVE
Are all major aspects measured, so that no additional indicators are needed?











INPUTS-OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS
List the major input
categories by programmed
budget, in thousands
(or millions) of dollars and/or level of effort, by year, for the
life of the increments.
Input
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
USAID INPUTS
# $000
# $000
# $000
# $000
Technical Assistance
(Direct Hire)
(Consultants)

12 person-months etc.
4 person-$100



Participants
1 person-$20



Commodities
- $4,000



Lcal Currency Support
- $1,000



For example :
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












OUTPUTS-OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS
Objectively Verifiable Indicators of each output are the quantities, or conditions identified in the narrative summary, with the level of attainment planned.
These should be identified as cumulative annual(or other appropriate time interval) numbers, percentages, ratios, qualitative assessments, or other appropriate increments.
Indicator
Base Line
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4…
A.
0
5
8
10
14…
B.
15%
16%
18%
25%
40%...
C.
6/1000
6/1000
5.5/1000
5/1000
4/1000
D.
UNSATIS.
POOR
FAIR
GOOD
EXCELLENT
E.
F
F
D
C
B...
F.
No Data
Situation Studied

Analyzed
Report Submitted
For example :











INDICATORS AND END OF PROJECT STATUS(EOPS)
State the project infinite, verifiable terms

Define the conditions which will exist when the project purpose has been achieved

Formulate objectively verifiable indicators

We can't measure outputs to verify whether the purpose has been achieved: divide the overall goals into smaller, intermediate targets.

Both the indicators to provide explicit targeting











PURPOSE
INDICATORS AND TARGETS
End of Project States (EOPS)

A description of conditions that are expected to exist when the project is successfully concluded.

Can either be qualitative or quantitative behavioral.

Project which have institutional purpose(EOPS) should reflect the performance of the institution eg. Service, effectiveness, efficiency
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING TARGETS
Establish that change has occurred and indicate the character, direction, and rate of change;
Permit comparison of the actual change against that which was planned;
Permit assessment of the impact of this change on higher goals;
Compare a project's performance with that of similar projects;
Allow the examination of the relation of input to output and of cost to benefit.
ADVANTAGES











CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING TARGETS
Force the establishment of unrealistic targets, or the setting of targets more precisely than perhaps they should be set, given the uncertainties of the cooperating country situation;
Required quantitative measurements when much of the project's concern should be with qualitative improvements in human knowledge and skill, institutional capacity, etc.;
Subject the project to comparison with other projects and programs which are not comparable due to significant differences in cultural, economic, political, or other characteristics.
DISADVANTAGES











CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING TARGETS
When it is practical, quantitative measures are preferable to qualitative measure.

However, the central issue in evaluation is not so much one of quantitative vs. qualitative measures, but rather that indicators of change be objectively verifiable.
QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE MEASURES
THE LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
COURSE UNIT: CSO549-PROGRAMME PLANNING IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT























Example of Logical Framework











MEANS OF VERIFICATION
The Relationship Between Targets, Indicators & Means of
Verification
MEANS OF VERIFICATION

Sources of data,
Method of collection
And Analysis







INDICATORS

Ways of
Measuring progress
Toward targets






TARGETS


Planned results
at the

GOAL
PURPOSE
&
OUTPUT











MEANS OF VERIFICATION
State the source, and kinds of data required to verify each indicator. (This may be existing agency or ministry reports, or new reports which will be generated as a direct byproduct of the project's existence.)
OUTPUTS – Means of Verification
US-AID reports usually provide sufficient accounting and recording for AID-provided inputs.
However, other inputs (such as those provided by the cooperating country, other donors, voluntary agencies, and third countries) should have confirming data sources shown.
INPUTS – Means of Verification
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












GOAL-Objectively Verifiable
Indicator
INDICATORS AND TARGETS
May be quantitative or qualitative or behavior or a mixture.

Measures of achievements to indicate a causative relationship between project purpose and goal

Singular projects wouldn't be the total cause of goal achievement other non-project factors have significant influence.
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












MEANS OF VERIFICATION
State the kinds and sources
of data needed to support the indicators cited as measures
of goal achievement.
GOAL – Means of Verification
State the specific types of evidence which will be used to verify conditions marking the End-of-Project Status, and the source (documents, and organizations) from which they will be obtained.
PURPOSE – Means of Verification
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












TARGETS
INDICATORS AND TARGETS
Where it's not possible, identify and select objective observer.
Have him participate both at pre and post measurement for comparative purposes.
Use accredited observer to compare the status of the indicators within a project.
Use indirect or Proxy indicators when it is not possible to measure change directly.
Verify their relationship that underlie the indicators and target. Singular indicators doesn't give a comprehensive picture of change; multiple indicators are often needed.
(Examples pages 71-74)











Logical Framework Elements
PURPOSE -

Specific result desired of the project
It should be explicitly defined purpose that contributes to the goal.
It's the most important level upon which to focus attention when establishing project objectives
In this respect, the relationship between
the project goal( the end) and the project
purpose( the means) is causal and partial.











Logical Framework Elements
GOAL -

Term characterizing programming level beyond the project purpose. The higher objective to which the project is intended to contribute.
The reason for dealing with the problem which the problem intends to solve.
It identifies a desired result to which an entire program may be directed.
Goals are established at the top management levels

OBJECTIVES (GOALS AND PURPOSE)











Limitation
All aspects of planning are defined by the project planners
Data collection and analysis for evaluation is done by persons or committee conducting evaluation
Logical framework methodology is programmatically and technically neutral; has no security that the project will achieve goals
No guidance on equitable income distribution, employment opportunities, access to recourses etc
Its just a systematic device for making explicit the key elements of project as conceived by the project designers












What is the Logical Framework?
We hypothesize that by transforming inputs into outputs we will achieve our purpose, and, in turn, contribute to realize the goal.
GOAL
PURPOSE
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
If Inputs, then Outputs
If Outputs, then Purpose
If Purpose, then Goal















What is the Logical Framework?
The logical framework is primarily Used…

Device for project planning
Used during evaluation to reexamine original design and determine whether outputs are being produced.
Finally for completed projects, whether this achievement is making a significant contribution to the higher goal, as originally planned.
 
Logical framework establishes the practical limits of project management responsibility.












Logical Framework Elements
THE OBJECTIVE

Whether at the goal or purpose level must be explicit.

Ex)
Poor objective : Establish an improved credit system

Good objective : Establish a national system of self-
sustaining credit unions capable, by 1985,
of providing 30% of ruthinia's small
farmers with their production credit needs.
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












Objectively verifiable indicators
INDICATORS AND TARGETS
Help both the proponents and an informed skeptic to agree that the progress has or hasn't been as planned.

It means that one must be able to obtain the data from reliable source
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












UNACCEPTABLE MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES
Means-End linkage often disgust as a single objective.
Not acceptable because it comprises a hierarchical Means –ends relations,
Accomplishment of one is not synonymous with attainment of the other
Two objectives be separately stated and defined their relationship giving each their own level eg purpose and sub purpose.
This helps the intended cause effect become clearer: Example page 65
CLARIFICATION OF MEANS AND –END LINKAGE











TARGETS
INDICATORS AND TARGETS
An explicit statement of
result desired for an indicator over any specified time period
at any level (output , purpose and goal)
A planned performance standard which actual performance may be sequently compared and measured eg
Magnitude
Target; audience
Time
In cases where quantitative measures are not possible, objective measurement of a it change is possible by defining the indicator in behavior terms. (Page 71)
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












INDICATORS AND TARGETS
INDICATORS
Unit of measurement
which facilitates concise, comprehensive and balanced
judgement about a situation
Is subject to interpretation; change to right or wrong directions results to good or bad.
Can be quantitative or qualitative;
Qualitative indicators expresses;
Simple measures
Cumulative figure
Ratio
Both project indicators and targets help focus discussion on evidence rather than on opinions
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












INPUT
Those things provided by AID, cooperating country or other donors.
Are expected to produce specific, definable outputs
Are usually various combination of personnel, supplies and equipment, training fund, contract service.
Can be provided directly by AID or intermediaries, contractors, participating agencies or voluntary agencies ,donors ,cooperating country ,loans ,grand funding. (Example pages 67-69)
CLARIFICATION OF MEANS AND –END LINKAGE
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 












CLARIFICATION OF MEANS AND –END LINKAGE
COEXISTING OBJECTIVES
Multiple objectives may be embodied in the statement of project purpose
Are acceptable where two competing objectives can coexist
Relation between the two objectives is a trade-off which should be anticipated and clearly stated in the project design
Identify trade-off relationship and establish the trade-off point, device separate indicators for both employment and production; example page 64, establish targets and monitor progress towards each.











OBJECTIVES FOR "NON PROJECTS"
Are general activity which doesn't take the classical forms of a development project eg participant training, food distribution.

In such a situation, the project designer must make expected results as explicit (verifiable) as possible
CLARIFICATION OF MEANS AND –END LINKAGE











OUTPUTS
Are specific results expected to be produced by managing project inputs

May be physically qualitative eg Kms of a road or qualitative, eg farmers cooperative functioning properly(behavior)
CLARIFICATION OF MEANS AND –END LINKAGE
 
Narrative
Indicator
(Targets)
Means of
verification
Assumption
Goal
 
 
 
 
Purpose
 
 
 
 
Outputs
 
 
 
 
Inputs
 
 
 
 


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