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Rate-programming of nano-particulate delivery systems for smart bioactive scaffolds in tissue engineering
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Nanotechnology Nanotechnology 26 (2015) 012001 (24pp)
doi:10.1088/0957-4484/26/1/012001
Topical Review
Rate-programming of nano-particulate delivery systems for smart bioactive scaffolds in tissue engineering Mohammad Izadifar1, Azita Haddadi2, Xiongbiao Chen1,3 and Michael E Kelly1,4 1
Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada 2 Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 107 Wiggins Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5E5, Canada 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N0W8, Canada E-mail:
[email protected] Received 31 July 2014, revised 20 October 2014 Accepted for publication 27 October 2014 Published 4 December 2014 Abstract
Development of smart bioactive scaffolds is of importance in tissue engineering, where cell proliferation, differentiation and migration within scaffolds can be regulated by the interactions between cells and scaffold through the use of growth factors (GFs) and extra cellular matrix peptides. One challenge in this area is to spatiotemporally control the dose, sequence and profile of release of GFs so as to regulate cellular fates during tissue regeneration. This challenge would be addressed by rate-programming of nano-particulate delivery systems, where the release of GFs via polymeric nanoparticles is controlled by means of the methods of, such as externallycontrolled and physicochemically/architecturally-modulated so as to mimic the profile of physiological GFs. Identifying and understanding such factors as the desired release profiles, mechanisms of release, physicochemical characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles, and externally-triggering stimuli are essential for designing and optimizing such delivery systems. This review surveys the recent studies on the desired release profiles of GFs in various tissue engineering applications, elucidates the major release mechanisms and critical factors affecting release profiles, and overviews the role played by the mathematical models for optimizing nanoparticulate delivery systems. Potentials of stimuli responsive nanoparticles for spatiotemporal control of GF release are also presented, along with the recent advances in strategies for spatiotemporal control of GF delivery within tissue engineered scaffolds. The recommendation for the future studies to overcome challenges for developing sophisticated particulate delivery systems in tissue engineering is discussed prior to the presentation of conclusions drawn from this paper. Keywords: controlled release, nanoparticles, smart scaffolds, tissue engineering, angiogenesis, cardiovascular engineering (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
0957-4484/15/012001+24$33.00
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