Security, media and multicultural citizenship: A collaborative ethnography

European Journal of Cultural Studies http://ecs.sagepub.com/

Security, media and multicultural citizenship : A collaborative ethnography Marie Gillespie European Journal of Cultural Studies 2007 10: 275 DOI: 10.1177/1367549407080731 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/10/3/275

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DISPLAYINGINTELLECTUALCURIOSITY FLEXIBILITYAND@WORLDOPENNESS4HEYARE MOTIVATEDBYACONCERNWITHSOCIALJUSTICEANDPOLITICALCHANGE4HEYUSE NEWS MEDIA CRITICALLY MOBILISING COSMOPOLITAN CULTURAL CAPITAL AND TRANSCULTURALCOMPETENCESTOENGAGEINCOLLABORATIVEPOLITICALANDMORAL JUDGEMENTSAIMEDATEFFECTINGCHANGE)NCONTRAST AMONGINSULARPAROCHIALS ANDPASSIVECYNICS NEWSAVOIDANCE SOCIALINSECURITY ANDRIGIDANDDOGMATIC MODESOFREASONINGAREMORECOMMON'ILLESPIE A 4HESEAREBUT TWO ALBEITSTRONG TENDENCIESACROSSAWIDELYVARIABLESPECTRUMOFRESPONSE TOMEDIATEDPOLITICSINOURSTUDY !SMENTIONED THEPROJECTWAS@EVENTS LED4HESALIENCEOFSECURITY NEWSDEPENDSONTHENATUREOFRESPONSESTO@CRITICALEVENTS4HISISATERM USEDBY6EENA$AS TOREFERTOEVENTSINVOLVINGSTATETERRORAND POLITICALVIOLENCETHATPROPAGATESOCIALTRAUMAANDSUFFERING INEQUALITY ANDEXCLUSIONESPECIALLYAMONGMARGINALIZEDMINORITIES/URVARIABLEAND SHIFTINGSENSESOFPROXIMITYORDISTANCEPHYSICAL CULTURALANDAFFECTIVE TOTHOSEEVENTSDEFINETHEIRSECURITYSALIENCE0ROXIMITYANDDISTANCETO EVENTSARECREATEDBYMEDIA IMPOSEDBYSTATES ANDNEGOTIATEDBY AUDIENCES 4HEYARENOTOPPOSITEENDSOFASPECTRUMBUTWORKTOGETHER CREATINGTENSIONANDAMBIVALENCESEE1URESHISARTICLE -ODULATING COMPLEMENTARYOPPOSITES @DISTANTPROXIMITIESDEFINEOURRELATIONSHIP TOMEDIATIONSOFSECURITYTHREATS2OSENAU   4HETERMMEDIATION INTHISCONTEXT REFERSTOTHEMULTIPLE INTERACTING SETSOFRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENNEWSMEDIAPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTION WITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFPOLITICALDEBATES POLICYFORMATIONPROCESSES ANDOTHERDIMENSIONSOF@PUBLICAFFAIRSWHICHMAYORMAYNOTBE@VISIBLE INMEDIATEXTS)TISFORTHISREASONTHAT3TRAND#OFOURPROJECTINVOLVED OFF THE RECORDINTERVIEWSWITHPERSONNELINTHE5+AND53MILITARY SECURITYSERVICESANDGOVERNMENTS 5SINGTHETERMINTHISWAYAVOIDS THINKINGOFGIVENMOMENTSINTHEPOLITICALCOMMUNICATIONPROCESSAS SEPARATEANDSEPARABLERESEARCHDOMAINS-EDIATIONISANIRREDUCIBLY POLITICALPROCESSCULTURALANDSYMBOLICPOWER ANDTHECAPACITYTOCONTROL MANAGEANDCHANGEIMAGESANDNARRATIVES ISUNEVENLYDISTRIBUTED)T ISNOTABLYDENIEDTORACIALIZEDMINORITIESANDTHOSEWITHOUTELITEEDUCA TIONALCAPITAL"UTDOMINANTIMAGESANDNARRATIVESAREOFTENRESISTED RE APPROPRIATEDORCHALLENGEDBYALTERNATIVEMEDIAPRACTICES PRODUCTIONS ANDREPRESENTATIONS3ILVERSTONEAND'EORGIOU n -EDIAIN MULTICULTURALPOLITIESHAVEGREATPOWERTOINCLUDEANDEXCLUDE MARGINAL IZEORMAGNIFY GLORIFYORREIFY4HROUGHANDINMEDIA IDENTITIESARE CLAIMED FRAMEDORDENIED ANDSECURITIESSOUGHTORUNDERMINED-EDIA ARECRUCIALTOPUBLICDEBATESONQUESTIONSOFDIFFERENCE COMPETINGRIGHTS ANDDUTIES VISIBILITY RACISM INCLUSIONANDEXCLUSION RESPECTANDRE COGNITION 2ESEARCHING MEDIATIONS OF SECURITY POLICY AND PUBLICS IN MULTI ETHNICPOLITIESREQUIRESANINTEGRATEDRESEARCHDESIGNIFWEARE TOUNDERSTANDTHESUBTLETIESANDCHANGINGNATUREOFTHESERELATIONSHIPS ANDTOJUDGETHEHEALTHANDSTATEOFMULTICULTURALDEMOCRACY4HISISA

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POINTTOWHICHWEWILLSOONRETURN ANDONEONWHICHALLTHEFOLLOWING REPORTSCOMMENT /URRESEARCHSUGGESTSTHAT@SECURITYNEWSHASESPECIALLYHIGHSALIENCE FORRACIALIZEDMINORITIES PRECISELYBECAUSEITIMPLICATESTHEMASTHREATS TOSECURITY4HETERM@RACIALIZEDISUSEDTOEMPHASIZETHAT@RACEISNOTA USEFULANALYTICALTERMITCANNOTEXPLAINSOCIALORCULTURALDIFFERENCES 2ATHERITISASOCIALPROCESS AWAYOFASCRIBINGINFERIORSTATUSTOAGROUP ONTHEBASISOFPHYSICALDIFFERENCES RESULTINGINDISCRIMINATION SEGREGATION ANDMARGINALIZATION-URJIAND3OLOMOS  3INCE PROCESSESOF RACIALIZATIONANDSECURITIZATIONHOWTHREATSAREIDENTIFIED CONSTRUCTEDAND TREATEDASSECURITYISSUES WORKHANDINHAND(UYSMANSAND"UONFINO  4HEYAREBOLSTEREDBYMEDIATIONSHOWTHREATSAREPRIORITIZED FRAMEDANDREPRESENTEDBYTHEMEDIAANDINTERPRETEDBYAUDIENCES (OWDOOURINTERLOCUTORSDISCUSSANDRESPONDTOTHESEPERCEIVEDDYNAMICS 4WOSTRONGPATTERNSOFRESPONSEAREAPPARENTACROSSALLOURINTERVIEWS AND CHARACTERIZETHENEWSCULTURESANDPRACTICESOF"RITISH-USLIMSANDOTHER RACIALIZEDMINORITYINTERVIEWEES&IRST INTERVIEWEESPERCEIVETHE"RITISH GOVERNMENTAS@OBSESSEDAFREQUENTLYUSEDTERM WITHMAINTAININGHIGH LEVELSOFPUBLICFEARABOUTTHELIKELIHOODOFATERRORISTATTACK!STHEYSEE IT THE5+MEDIASERVETHEGOVERNMENTINTHISREGARD3ECOND THEMEDIA ARESEENASSYSTEMATICALLYDEMONIZING-USLIMS ASSOCIATING)SLAMWITH VIOLENCEANDTERRORISM ANDREPRESENTING-USLIMSASTHE@ENEMYWITHIN 4HISTRIGGERSDEEPEMOTIONALANDPOLITICALRESPONSESANGER ALIENATION DESPAIR A SENSE OF HOPELESSNESS AND POWERLESSNESS IN LOCAL NATIONAL TRANSNATIONALANDGLOBALCONTEXTS4HE)RAQ7ARHASDEEPENEDTHESENSE OFOUTRAGE INJURY INSULTANDVICTIMIZATIONTHATHASCOMETODEFINE-USLIM SENSIBILITIES DESPITEALLEFFORTSTOESCAPETHISASCRIBEDROLE&ACINGAND DEALINGWITHIMPLICITANDOREXPLICITACCUSATIONSOFTERRORISMHASBECOME ANEVERYDAYTASK MANYINTERVIEWEESEXPLAINED4HISQUANDARYMOTIVATES NEW POLITICIZEDASSERTIONSOF-USLIMIDENTITY9ETMANYCOMMENTTHATTHE PERVASIVENESSANDTHETOTALIZINGQUALITYOFTHERACIALIZATION SECURITIZATION ANDMEDIATIONFACEDBY-USLIMSINTHE5+TRAPTHEMINA@GAMEOFIDEN TITYPOLITICSWHICHTHEYCANNEITHERESCAPEFROMNORWIN 4HESECONDWIDESPREADPATTERNOFRESPONSECOMBINESSCEPTICISMTO WARDSSTATEANDMEDIADISCOURSESOFTHREATWITHGENUINEFEAR)NTERVIEWEES OFBOTHDOMINANTANDMINORITYETHNICITIESAREHIGHLYCONSCIOUSOFTHE MANIPULATIONOFTHETERRORISTTHREATBUTTHEYSTILLFEARTHATANATTACKMIGHT OCCUR3OMEUSEAMINIMIZINGTEMPLATESTRATEGY RELATINGTHECURRENT TERRORISTTHREATTOPREVIOUSORMOREIMMEDIATEORPROXIMATETHREATS BE IT)2!TERRORTHREATSOFTHESANDAFTERTHROUGHOUTTHE5+SEEESPE CIALLY(ERBERTSARTICLE ORTHE-ADRIDBOMBINGS OR MOSTTYPICALLY SUCH RELATIVELY@COMMONPLACEFEARSASUNEMPLOYMENT POVERTYANDPAEDOPHILIA A5+ WIDESOURCEOFLOCALANDSOMETIMESNATIONALPANIC -OSTREFUSETO ALLOWANYFEAROFTERRORISMTOIMPINGEONTHEIRDAILYLIVES3OMEYOUNGER 

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INTERVIEWEES HOWEVER NURSEAMILLENARIANSENSEOFADISASTROUSFATE AWAITINGTHEWORLD FORGECONNECTIONSBETWEENGLOBALTHREATSTHE!SIAN TSUNAMI THEWARIN)RAQ ADVANCEDMILITARYTECHNOLOGIES ANDLOCALTHREATS RACISM CRIMEANDPOVERTYINTHE%AST%ND ANDABSORBTERRORISMINTOTHIS NARRATIVEOFIMMINENTAPOCALYPSESEE!L 'HABBANSARTICLE 3UCHVIEWS ANDVISIONSCANNOTBEGENERALIZED BUTTHEYINDICATEHOWAPARADOXICAL SENSEOFTHREATSASBOTHCONSTRUCTEDANDREALCANENGENDERRESPONSESBOTH OFPOWERLESSNESS@THERESNOTHINGWECANDOABOUTIT ANDOFPRAGMATISM @WEVEGOTTOGETONWITHOURLIVES  -OSTINTERVIEWEESFEELTHATTHEYHAVEBECOMEMOREINSECUREINRECENT YEARS ANDMOSTAREMOREAFRAIDOFTHECONSEQUENCESOFSECURITYPOLICYTHAN OFTERRORISM4HESEINCLUDE@CASUAL EVERYDAYRACISM STATESURVEILLANCE ARRESTANDDETENTION CREEPINGMILITARISMANDTHREATSTOCIVILRIGHTSAND TRADITIONSOFDEMOCRACYANDTHERULEOFLAW7ITHTHE*ULYBOMBING INTER VIEWEESREPORTED FEARSOFTERRORISMINTENSIFIED ONLYTODISSIPATESOONAFTER !LARGEPROPORTIONOFRACIALIZEDMINORITIESBASETHEIRFEARSONPERSONAL EXPERIENCEOFSTOPANDSEARCH IDENTITYCHECKSANDTEMPORARYDETENTION -USLIMWOMENINPARTICULARREPORTVERYHIGHLEVELSOFDIRECT @CASUAL RACISTAGGRESSIONNAME CALLING SPITTING ATTEMPTSTOREMOVETHEIRHIJAB SEE3ADAF2IVZISARTICLE .EARLYALLINTERVIEWEESCANRECOUNTSEVERAL STORIESOFRACISTABUSETOLDBYAFRIENDORRELATIVE/THERSCLAIMINDIRECT KNOWLEDGEOFRACISM@HEARDSTORIES /NEOFOURMAJORFINDINGSISTHAT ALL-USLIMSANDMOSTOTHERETHNICMINORITIESREPORTFEARSOFEXPRESSING THEMSELVESINPUBLIC ANDINTHEWORKPLACE DUETOPOSSIBLEAGGRESSIVEOR VIOLENTRESPONSE4HISHASLEDTOMASSIVESELFCENSORSHIP ANDADIMINISHING SENSEOFPARTICIPATIONINPUBLICLIFEANDOFNATIONALANDLOCALBELONGING4HIS ISPERHAPSTHEREASONSOMANYINTERVIEWEESAPPRECIATEDTHEOPPORTUNITY TOHAVETHEIRVIEWSTAKENINTOACCOUNT )TISNOTHARDTOSEEHOWSUCHSENTIMENTSARELINKEDTOPOLITICALANDNEWS MEDIADISCOURSESANDREPRESENTATIONS)NORDERTOLEGITIMATETHE@WARON TERROR THETERM@SECURITYHASCOMETOBEUSEDINANINCREASINGLYWIDESET OFSENSESANDCONTEXTS BLURRINGMANYSOCIALCATEGORIESANDDISTINCTIONS !NASSOCIATIVECHAINLINKSMINORITIES MIGRANTS REFUGEES ASYLUMSEEKERS CRIMINALS TERRORISTSANDENEMIESWITHIN2ACISMANDRACIALIZATIONFLOURISH WHENTHREATSFROMINSIDEANDOUTSIDEARECONFLATED4HESEEMINGLYLIMIT LESSPOLYSEMYOFTHETERM@SECURITYREDUCESITSANALYTICALUSEFULNESSFOR RESEARCHERS BUTFORMANYINTERVIEWEESTHECONNOTATIONSOFINSECURITY MILIT ARISM TERRORISMANDRACISMHAVEAMESSAGETHATRINGSLOUDANDCLEAR -ANYREPORTADIMINISHINGSENSEOFSECURITYEXACERBATEDBYAFEELING THATTHEBOUNDARIESAREBLURRINGBETWEENDIFFERENTCONTEXTSOFSECURITY INSIDEANDOUTSIDENATIONALBOUNDARIES PUBLICANDPRIVATESPACES PHY SICALANDVIRTUALSPACES CORPORATEANDPOLITICALSPACES ANDSOON4HE @STATEOFEXCEPTION!GAMBEN  BRINGSNATIONALSECURITYPOLICYINTO EVERYDAYLIFEASATHREATTOPERSONALSECURITY/NEINTERVIEWEERETIRED

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WHITE MIDDLE CLASSMALE SPEAKSOFLIVINGINASTATEOFCONTINUALANDIN CREASINGUNCERTAINTY OF@ATHOUSANDPIN PRICKSOFINSECURITYINDAILYLIFE ASLONG STANDING TAKEN FOR GRANTEDASSUMPTIONSARECHALLENGEDBYSOCIAL CULTURALANDPOLITICALCHANGES'ILLESPIE B &ORRACIALIZEDMINOR ITIESLIVINGINMETROPOLITANCENTRES THECONSEQUENCESOFSECURITYPOLICIESARE FARREACHINGANDUNPREDICTABLEASMOSTOFTHEREPORTSSHOW MANYFEELTHEIR 5+CITIZENSHIPANDTHEPROMISEOFMULTICULTURALISMISFUNDAMENTALLYCALLED INTOQUESTIONBYCURRENTSECURITYPOLICY WHICHRAISESTROUBLINGQUESTIONS FORTHEFUTURECHANCESOFLIVINGINAPEACEFULMULTICULTURALSTATE -ETHODOLOGYCOLLABORATIVEMEDIAETHNOGRAPHY WITHIN)--!

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AFREQUENTSOURCEOFCONSTERNATIONANDDISTRESS4HELABEL@-USLIMMUST BEREADALONGSIDEOTHERFORMSOFIDENTIFICATIONSUCHASAGE GENDER PLACE OFBIRTH NATIONALITY RESIDENCEANDOCCUPATION ASWELLASINTHECONTEXTOF HUGEVARIATIONSINBELIEFSANDPRACTICES #LASSISANOTHERHIGHLYPROBLEMATICCATEGORY4HEINTERPLAYOFECONOMIC SOCIALANDCULTURALCAPITALISDYNAMIC7EHAVEDOCUMENTEDTHEPROFESSIONAL ANDCLASSSELF IDENTIFICATIONSOFRESPONDENTS BUTWEARERELUCTANTTOATTEMPT TOAGGREGATESTATISTICSWHERERESPONDENTSHAVECATEGORIZEDTHEMSELVES INDIVERSEWAYS!CCESSTOECONOMIC EDUCATIONALANDCULTURALCAPITALMAY SHAPEMODESOFENGAGEMENTWITHNEWS BUTITDOESNOTDETERMINETHEM4HE MOBILIZATIONOFCOSMOPOLITANCULTURALCAPITALISREFLECTEDINTHEABILITY TOTRANSLATEACROSSDIFFERENTLINGUISTICANDCULTURALCONTEXTS ANDTOACTAS CULTURALMEDIATORSANDBROKERSINWAYSWHICHENHANCECOMMUNICATION ANDUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENDIVERSEGROUPS 4HE TABLES IN THE APPENDIX AND ON OUR PROJECT WEBSITE DOCUMENT INTERVIEWEESMAINNEWSSOURCES/FTENTHESEARECLUSTERSOFSOURCESWITH INTERVIEWEESNAMINGNOOUTSTANDINGTRUSTEDSOURCE.EVERTHELESSWEHAVE BEENSURPRISEDBYTHEFREQUENCYWITHWHICH5+MAINSTREAMSOURCESTHE ""# 3KYAND#HANNEL RECUR DESPITETHEAVAILABILITYOFMULTILINGUAL ANDTRANSNATIONALNEWSSOURCES4HISSUGGESTSASTRONGDESIREONTHEPART OFMINORITYETHNICAND"RITISH-USLIMGROUPSTOPARTICIPATEINPUBLICAND NATIONALDEBATEEVENIFFEAROFSPEAKINGOUTANDPOWERFULEXCLUSIONARY FORCESCOMBINETOENCOURAGESELF CENSORSHIPANDTHESEEKINGOUTOFALTER NATIVENEWSSOURCES %ACHINTERVIEWWASRECORDEDANDTRANSCRIBED ANDANINTERVIEWREPORT ANDPRELIMINARYANALYSISSUBMITTEDTOTHEPROJECTWEBSITE5SINGAQUALI TATIVEDATAANALYSISSOFTWAREPROGRAMME.6IVO ALLINTERVIEWDATA WASCODEDANDCATEGORIZED4HE.6IVODATABASEWASMADEAVAILABLETO ALLRESEARCHERSONTHEPROJECT ASWELLASTOSEVERALOTHERS%THNOGRAPHERS ACCESSEDITTOCOMPAREANDCONTRASTTHEFINDINGSOFTHEIRDOMESTICAND LOCALSTUDIESAGAINSTWIDERPATTERNSANDTRENDSEMERGINGACROSSTHESTUDY 4HUSWHILESOMESAMPLESMAYAPPEARTOBEVERYSMALL ANDTHEANALYSES MAYSEEMTOMAGNIFYEVERYDAYMICRO PROCESSESOFPOLITICALTALK RESEARCHERS HAVEBEENABLETODISCUSSANDSITUATETHEIRFINDINGSINTHEWIDERCONTEXT OFTHEOVERALLPROJECT!NE DISCUSSIONGROUPENABLEDONGOINGSHARINGAND RE EVALUATIONOFEMERGENTFINDINGS ASDIDOURNUMEROUSPROJECTMEETINGS 4HISKINDOFCOLLABORATIVEMEDIAETHNOGRAPHYREMAINSMETHODOLOGICALLY UNIQUE ANDANESSENTIALPARTOFTHEKINDOFINTEGRATEDRESEARCHDESIGN )--! THATENABLESMEDIATIONS PUBLICS POLICIESANDPOLITICSTOBESTUDIED ASASPECTSOFTHESAMECOMPLEXPROCESS )NTEGRATED-ULTIDISCIPLINARY-EDIA!NALYSISCASESTUDY



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