Smart agricultural practices pakistan government

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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Explaining Climatic Changes 2
Risks associated with the Climate Change 2
Chief Threats to Water Security 3
Pakistan's Vulnerabilities 4
Economic Impacts Of Climatic Change Upon Agriculture 4
Water Mismanagement and Wastage 4
Strategies to Increase Water Supply 5
Conventional Remedies for Ensuring Water Security 5
Deficit Irrigational Practices 6
Genetically Modified Crops High Yielding Varieties (Hyvs) Seeds 6
Solar Powered Tube Wells and Pumping Systems 7
Raised Bed Irrigation Systems 8
Low Head Trickle Irrigation System 8
Water application uniformity and discharge 9
Direct sowing of rice crop 9
Sprinkler irrigation system 10
Precision Land Leveling 11
Water Harvesting Farming System 11
Conclusion 11
References 11











Introduction
Pakistan is primarily an agriculture-based economy, which employs the bulk of country's workforce and has the lion's shares in exports as well. Agriculture is entirely dependent upon climate, environmental considerations and natural inputs. The single most important factor in agricultural sector is the availability of sufficient and timely supply of water for irrigation. Mankind has always settled near the riverbanks and civilizations have only developed where water was available in abundance. So, there is a direct and causal relationship between agricultural outputs and the weather thresholds and water availability under which the crops are cultivated. Unfortunately, human beings have taken the supply of water for granted and wastage of water is common phenomenon in many societies across the globe. Water management is far more neglected issue in the third-world or the developing states, including Pakistan. As the majority of Pakistan's population is directly or indirectly linked to agriculture, water conservation should be the utmost priority of the governments. Climactic changes are now tangibly felt across the globe and more so in Pakistan. The weather has taken extremist dimensions, from utter scarcity and droughts in various areas to the devastating floods of 2010; Pakistan has witnessed great fluctuations in weather. Likewise, our planet has witnessed a gradual but palpable change in global temperatures and weather patterns since the last few decades. Even though Pakistan's share in environmental pollution is meager, however the country has borne a significant brunt the shifting global patterns of environmental change and global warming. The gravity of the situation cannot be enunciated upon with enough vehemence as water scarcity has a direct impact upon Pakistan's food security, employment, economic growth and thus national security. So, in order to secure the agricultural activity in Pakistan and ensure the continuance of water availability for crops, Pakistan needs to enhance its water usage efficiency coupled with introduction of an array of smart agriculture practices, which ensure that water is uses with utmost delicacy and efficiency. Therefore, water scarcity in the imminent future will be a great hazard for the country and to counter this, the state must act proactively and take revolutionary steps to thwart the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, the basic purpose of this research paper is to substantiate the pertinence of climate change in Pakistan, expound upon the problems of agricultural sector tied to the issue and explicate the relevant policy recommendations for smart agricultural practices to remedy the situation.
Explaining Climatic Changes
Global warming and green house effect has caused various changes in global weather patterns. Pakistan Meteorological Department has conducted various studies, which confirm the assertion that Pakistan is undergoing a gradual climatic change. Pakistan's average temperature has risen by 0.6% in the last century, which is congruent to the global climate shifts. Similarly, there has been 5% reduction in Baluchistan's humidity, 0.7% increase in solar radiation in Punjab, 3-5% cloud cover reduction across Pakistan, which caused greater sunshine time and evapotranspiration increased by 5% due to an increase in mean temperature, over the last century. Similarly, many extreme weather events have taken place, such as 2000 drought and 2010 floods, combined with weaker signs of El-Nino. Lastly, the increase in mean temperatures has been greater since the last 3 decades in Pakistan.
Risks associated with the Climate Change
Statistically, Pakistan's per person contribution to the emission of various green house gases is greatly lower than the global average of per capita contributions. Pakistan's per capita rate is around 1.9 tons of green house gases per capita, which is equal to one third of the global average, and similarly the country ranks at 135th place on this indicator. However, this minute contribution does not shield Pakistan from the dire effects of global climate change. As expounded in Maplecroft's Index, which ranked nations on the basis of greater vulnerability from the global climate change, Pakistan was ranked at the 24th place. This study indicated that Pakistan is at extreme risk from the climate change, which will severely affect its food security. In the same vein Germanwatch, an institute that indexes global climate risks and ranks nations accordingly, has ranked Pakistan at an alarming 7th place.
These global rankings speak tomes about the alarming situation related to climate change and its adverse impacts on the Pakistani society. Researchers argue that global shift in climate is most probable to hit Pakistan hard in a variety of sectors across an array of ecosystems, though with a significant impact on water availability and natural resources. If the glaciers melt too fast and the water supply is no more sustainable then it would be disastrous for the entire country not just the agricultural sector.
Chief Threats to Water Security
Some of the principal issues concerning water security in Pakistan are enumerated in this section. Firstly, rivers can alter their course due to the onslaught of great volumes of water flowing in the rivers owing to the melting of glaciers in the North. These changes in the rivers courses can onset a number of issues relating to water security and agriculture. As the course of a river shifts, it engulfs new arable tracts of lands and causes issues in irrigation network as the altered flow of water would require the construction of barrages and canal channels.
Secondly, another factor, which could have a direct impact on water availability, is concerned , supply would cause major problems for both domestic and agricultural sectors. Thirdly, as the precipitation and melting of glaciers would increase manifold, a direct corollary of this would be the augmented subsequent siltation and sedimentation in the water reservoirs of Tarbela and Mangla. This will greatly reduce the holding capacity of the dams and thus affect the water supply via irrigation. As the capacity to withhold water would be dwindled floods would be more likely to occur, further affecting the agriculture sector.
Similarly, another grave factor in this regard will be the timing of these glaciers melting. Since the increased temperature would render the glaciers to melt sooner, it would reduce the water supply in the mid summers, which is when water is most required by the paddy fields. As water deluge would pass before the rice cultivation heralds, the water would be wasted and it would simply flow into the sea. Thus, these factors are primary issues, which are associated with the availability of water and sustainable supply for agriculture.
Lastly, as the water supply from canals will shrink in the peak season, farmers will have to start pumping more and more water from the subterranean, which will cause a massive drop in the water tables. This development will have far reaching ecological and practical affects. As the water table falls, more cost and energy is consumed to pump water to the ground surface, which makes agriculture a costly and inefficient business.
Pakistan's Vulnerabilities
One of the primary reasons for the grave vulnerabilities that Pakistan faces is associated with its warm climate, predominance of huge swathes of arid and semi-arid acreages and lastly the utmost dependency on the rivers flowing across the plains of Punjab and Sindh. These rivers have their source in the mammoth glaciers of the Hindukush, Karakoram and the Himalayan ranges. However, the volume of these glaciers is fast depreciating due to the fast rising global mercury scales, which is a direct corollary of the prevalent global warming. Pakistan's economy is highly reliant on agriculture, therefore immensely sensitive to any changes in the global average temperatures. Not only does the climate change affect the melting process of the glaciers, but significantly alter the monsoon winds and rains, which in turn contribute to heavy flooding or elongated spells of drought (1998-2001 droughts).
Furthermore, the vulnerability of Pakistan to global climate changes is both linked to food security as well energy security of the society. Pakistan produces the bulk of its electricity from the hydro sources, thus any alterations in the melting process of glaciers has a direct bearing on this facet of state's affairs as well. Flash floods in North, cyclones in the coasts, droughts in the arid areas and massive waterlogging in the plains are a few adverse effects, which the country might have to counter in the face of the shifting weather patterns. Therefore, Pakistan must take precautionary measures to minimize the risks associated with such eventualities.
Economic Impacts Of Climatic Change Upon Agriculture
In monetary terms, there can be a wide range of negative effects of the sudden changes in weather patterns, which exacerbate the farmers' economic vitality. Not only would the water availability be of a great concern to the society, but also an array of adverse impacts on livestock, fisheries and forests can be a looming possibility. As the availability of fresh water is key to the sustainability of livestock and agriculture, therefore this sector is the most vulnerable in such indexation. Even though, no in-depth study has hitherto been conducted to estimate the aggregate loss to agriculture in the face of water scarcity in future, however surmising the enormous impact of such an eventuality is not an uphill task. It is an evident fact that without water there can be no agriculture or livestock. Therefore, the civil society in conjunction with the government should make efforts to introduce smart agricultural practices, which minimizes the dependence on a plentitude of water supply.
Water Mismanagement and Wastage
Pakistan annually wastes an average of 30 MAF into the sea due to sheer negligence of successive governments in constructing adequate storage capacity. No massive dams have been constructed since the Tarbela and Mangala dams. However, due to continuous siltation, over the years, the storage capacity of these two dams is greatly depreciating and adding further to the country's woes of storing water and its efficient usage. Similarly, Kalabagh dam has been aborted due to a lack of political consensus on the issue. The smaller provinces decried that their rights would be curbed with the construction of Kalabagh dam, however various feasibility studies have proven otherwise. Lack of political will to resolve the matter has obviated the construction of the mammoth storage facility. Not only would it have considerably helped in water storage but would have contributed highly towards electricity generation and irrigating the hitherto non-arable lands. Lastly, the pace of Bhasha dam's construction is alarmingly slow. Bhasha dam is politically and structurally feasible, as no major stakeholder has raised apprehensions on the project's construction.
In addition to this, every year millions of acre-feet of fresh water is lost owing to the perennial seepages and evaporations in the watercourses. A study conducted by the Punjab government indicated that some canals performed extremely poorly with wastage ratios of as high as 45-50%. Though, in some canals the ratio was lower due the lining of canals.
Strategies to Increase Water Supply
A two-pronged strategy must be ushered in to ensure that Pakistan has a sustainable and secure water supply to support the agriculture sector. One the one hand the government should embark upon mega projects for this purpose and on the other hand public private partnership should ensure steps taken to introduce smart agricultural practices to sustain the cultivation of crops under reduced water supply.
Conventional Remedies for Ensuring Water Security
Thus, let us examine the conventional steps, which the government can take in order to streamline the supply of water. Firstly, in order to check floods and avoid droughts, the reservoir capacity of the extant dams must be enhanced. Secondly, new dams such as Bhasha, Bunji and others should be built on a priority basis. This will help in elongating the life of present dams, as the process of sedimentation will be checked and distributed across various reservoirs. New dams will also allow greater electric generation, which will in turn provide more electricity for the agricultural sector at cheaper rates. These dams will also help the government to manage the scarce water supply after the glaciers have melted in the coming years. Similarly, greater reservoir capacity will lessen the amount of water, which flows into the Arabian Sea, thus lesser wastage of water resources. In addition to this, the government must secure international funding to embark upon massive projects, which aim to curb water seepage. Canals and feeder channels should be lined in order to hinder water seeping into the ground. In addition to this, massive forestation in the North must be initiated so that lesser siltation takes places in the reservoirs. Thus, in order to provide the farmers and people with sufficient water, the government must take expedited steps on priority basis.

The Need for Smart Agricultural Practices
As the rivers are drying up and glaciers melting too fast, there needs to be emergency planning and execution of steps which minimizes the agricultural sector's reliance on huge volumes of water, rather learn to function under scarce water resources availability. In order to usher in a new era of, hitherto unknown, smart agricultural practices, a close symbiotic relationship between the public and private sector is the need of the hour. Not only will Pakistan have scarce water supply in the future but it would also need to buttress its meager agricultural productivity per acre as the population of Pakistan is growing at an enormous rate of 2-3% per annum. By 2050, Pakistan's population will double. Therefore, the government and private sector must collaborate to introduce various techniques, which would allow minimum water output at great crop output. Global mechanics of agricultural practices have revolutionized over the years, therefore Pakistan must remain abreast of the farming sector developments in the developed world. Rather the farmers must learn new techniques from the developing nations such as Brazil and many African nations as well. Thus, nothing short of a modern day green revolution can resuscitate Pakistan from the clutches of food shortages and anarchy. State must invest immensely in this sector in order to secure a sustainable agricultural future for the coming generations.
Deficit Irrigational Practices
Deficit or supplemental irrigation methods can be broadly elaborated as reducing the supply of water so that it is less than the normal requirements of the particular crop. This strategy increases overall crop productivity. However, exact knowledge of the water requirements of a crop are must in order to practice this methodology. The reasoning behind this limited supply of water is that the plant stores the water, as drought like conditions are replicated, and lesser amount of water is lost through evapotranspiration by the plants. Winter wheat crop in Turkey and cotton crop in India have been cultivated under this model, and remarkable results have been shown. Upto 60% reduction in water supply was noticed, with an increased harvest per acre in both these crops. Similarly, in Pakistan a study conducted by scholars enumerated the positive signs which deficit irrigation provide for wheat crops especially in the rain-fed regions of Pakistan. The study involved three various tools of deficit irrigation, and evaluated the results in their findings; Rainfedn10 mm, Rain-fed 10mm at 50% depletion rate and rain-fed 25 mm at 75% depletion rate. The greatest amount of yield was observed with 25mm irrigation with 75% depletion at two places, both in Fatehjand and Islamabad, where the tests were conducted. It was concluded that as the water supply was restricted and monitored accordingly, the plants adapted to the changed conditions and there was a positive impact in terms of both inputs and outputs. Therefore, as the cost of irrigation would rise in the future, the government and NGOs must educate the farmers in these specialized techniques of water supply in deficient irrigation systems. However, in another study, in China, it was noted that if the water supply is restricted without the proper knowledge of the particular timings, then it has an adverse impact on the crops. Thus, the accurate application of this technique can boost agriculture in water scarce regions of Pakistan, such as the Potohar Region, Balochistan and parts of Thar and Cholistan.
Genetically Modified Crops High Yielding Varieties (Hyvs) Seeds
As the global climate changes are causing massive shifts in Pakistan's weather as well, our governments need to invest heavily in research and development of genetically modified seeds, which require lesser amounts of water per hectare. This development is highly required as a decade down the lane Pakistan might not have the erstwhile abundant and sustained supply of water and given the high cost of constructing dams, it seems implausible that there would be enough water to grow the crops with extant seeds. Even though there are some departments working in this field such as the Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSC&RD) and others, however the pace of their research is quite languishing and they must be nudged into action. Another issue with the HYVs is that the cost of seed is too high for the ordinary farmer to afford it. Similarly, even though there are 611 seed producing companies in Pakistan, but the quality of their seed is not up to the mark. As the farmers have discontinued a number of seeds' usage, as they were prone to many viruses and pests. In addition to this, it has been observed that these HYVs consume more water per hectare and therefore are not feasible to sow in a water scarce country like Pakistan. Therefore, the prevalent institutions should be given more funds and their capacity be increased manifold in order to grapple with the looming environmental challenges of Pakistan. Production of Genetically Modified Seeds is the only way forward to sustain the agricultural sector of Pakistan. However, it must be taken into consideration that without government's investment in the seed production and the subsequent subsidies in seed distribution, this measure cannot succeed at any cost.
Solar Powered Tube Wells and Pumping Systems
As water scarcity is assumed to rise in the coming years, alternative arrangements must be undertaken to avoid shortage of food in the country. One such measure could be the introduction of solar powered tube wells in water scarce areas. Though provincial governments have been announcing subsidies on solar powered tube wells but the projects are seen to be in limbo. This is because of the bureaucratic hurdles, which hinder the imbursement of payment to the farmers on a number of excuses. Nonetheless, solar powered tube wells should be given a priority by all the provincial governments, since agriculture is now a provincial subject, after the 18th amendment.
Moreover, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) conducted a study, which evaluated the utility of solar powered pumping systems in the rain-fed areas of Potohar. The idea was to build and maintain small pumps in the locality and transport that water by the means of solar powered pumping system. This system was seamlessly embedded with High Efficiency Irrigation methods of using dripping system, sprinklers and other such methods. By this method a hefty tract of 20 acres of previously uncultivated land was sowed. Since the plateau has undulating and broken swathes of lands, smart irrigation methods are the only way forward. Not only is this economically and practically efficient but is also minimizes the emission of green houses gases as solar powered is 100% clean. Furthermore, the study unearthed a plethora of advantages of using the Jack Pump technology. The mechanism is quite simple as it operates like an oil pump with much less required horsepower. It is said to be the most energy efficient pumping system, which not only is easy to install and operate but also requires minimum energy input to function. This technology requires lesser energy input because of direct displacement of the subterranean fresh water by the means of weight balancing. The maintenance cost is also way less than the ordinary pumping systems, which makes it even more economical and feasible. Thus, the government for assisting its farmers, in such testing times, must seek nonconventional methods of irrigation.
Raised Bed Irrigation Systems
Raised bed irrigation system, also known as the furrow bed system is a modern development in the smart agricultural practices worldwide. This methodology allows the cultivation of crops on soil beds with a much lesser input of water. This technique uses the earth's gravity to irrigate a wider area of land with much lesser water supply as, with the help of laser technology, soil bed is raised from one corner and the water passes through with relative ease and less seepage. This increases the yield per acre and reduces the cost of irrigation. This methodology is quite useful for areas that have a relative lower soil permeability, frequent water logging or a perennial shortage of water supply. In a recent study, it was elaborated by the researchers that around 30% less water was consumed by maize and cotton crops in Punjab, when cultivated using this mechanism. This mechanism not only helps in water scare areas but also is highly useful when there are torrential rains, as the water swiftly flows from one direction to the other without accumulating at one point. Similarly, in the study it was enumerated that around 15% less water logging was witnessed in areas that were raised by laser. In the same vein, this methodology can be crucial in treating areas infested by waterlogging and salinity. As the surface is raised from one side and effective outlets of water built to check the flow of water, hitherto uncultivated land can be easily made arable by this strategy. Since, Pakistan's food demands are projected to rise manifold in the coming years, efficient water and land usage are key to economic growth and social stability.

Low Head Trickle Irrigation System
It is now scientifically proven that drip irrigation system is one of the most effective and efficient means of not only irrigating plants but also of providing them with controlled and required amounts of fertilizer and nutrients. With this method, the chemical fertilizer travels to the very root of the plant directly without any form of wastage, as observed in manual scattering of fertilizer method. Percolation of water to the soil is also highly reduced as water is only applied to the areas where it is most needed. Similarly, it reduces the cost of fertilizer as only a calculated and required amount of fertilizer is mixed into the water to feed the plants. Researchers argue that drip irrigation can augment the productivity of crops by up to 60% even, with and added advantage of cutting water costs by 40-80%. This study was based on tomato cultivation by the usage of drip irrigation and controlled fertilizing of the field in Bangladesh. Another advantage of this mechanism is that minimal environmental pollution is witnessed as the undissolved fertilizers do not travel to the water streams and contribute to water pollution. Also, significant labor costs are cut with the practice of drip irrigation. As only a few people are required in such a method of irrigation as compared to the conventional canal irrigation. Even though the cost of installation is a little high but the subsequent advantages outnumber the initial cost incurred by the farmer. In the same vein, drip irrigation can be effectively used in areas, which are prone to water logging, by conventional irrigation methods. As limited supply of water is ensured, water logging and salinity are controlled by this smart agricultural practice. Similarly, the system requires less energy input to operate, when compared with sprinklers.
Water application uniformity and discharge
In another study conducted by Dr. Muhammad Munir Ahmad and others, it was argued that the discharge and water application evenness of 1.1 mm diameter microtube emitter with a length of 0.30 m was quite effective in discharging and applying the water evenly over a large tract of land, without incurring a huge cost. Similarly, the results of this study further argued that the drip system also has the ability to function at quite a low-pressure head instead of a high-pressure system. This function allows the system to work at very low energy inputs, thereby increasing its efficiency.
Direct sowing of rice crop
Across the globe, wheat and rice combo is one of the most prevalent forms of agricultural sowing patterns. Since rice is a highly water intensive crop, the impending water scarcity of Pakistan would either preclude its cultivation or stymie it highly. As rice is a cash crop for the farmers and a source of great foreign exchange for the government, rice has a special place in Pakistan's economy. In Sindh the majority of paddy fields are cultivated by the direct sowing method, however the paddy fields in Central Punjab are sowed by the transplantation method. A few years ago, a detailed study was conducted in Punjab, which aimed to unearth the feasibility of direct seeding method. The results of the study indicated that though in some districts such as Gujranwala and Hafizabad, people adopted this method and their yields grew by a notch, however majority of the farmers were wary of adopting this method, preferring their conventional method of transplantation. This was because of the presence of multitude types of weeds and non-availability of proper guidance on the techniques to sow the rice directly. It was concluded that the technology had immense potential in Punjab, however the researchers must develop suitable seeds, which are tailored to the environment and clime of Punjab. This methodology is a lot more economically and practically efficient than the conventional form of rice sowing. This is because the number of people required to transplant the seedling are reduced and fertilizer costs, land occupancy and irrigation costs are also cut by a considerable proportion. Therefore, in order to make the rice a feasible crop in water scarce conditions, government must develop suitable seeds for Punjab and then liaison with the private sector in order to educate the farmers about the requisite water levels and other technicalities involved in direct seeding method.
Sprinkler irrigation system
Furthermore, another method adopted globally, to maximize the efficiency of water usage in a field, is that of sprinkler irrigation systems. The mechanism of these systems operates from 70-700 kPa and shower water in the same manner as rain droplets fall on earth. Similarly, the ejection pump is called a jet, which created a shower effect from the nozzle and replicates rainfall. As droplet can be manually adjusted for frequency, power, pressure, duration, droplet mass etc. this method is highly effective whilst utilizing scare water resources. Another important consideration adopted in this system is that the sprinkling does not take place at a faster rate than soils infiltration rate, which minimize the risk of surface runoff and pollution by transporting undissolved fertilizers. This system is also quite effective in soils, which have a high gradient and a greater likelihood of water running off. However, specialized care must be taken whilst operating it because the sprinkling system is highly sensitive to wind speeds and directions. They should be tailored according to weather conditions. Also, the initial cost of installation is quite high, but the incurred advantages outweigh the costs associated.
In the same vein, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, in tandem with an array of domestic firms, produced an entire spectrum of rain-gun sprinkler system. These systems could be operated via electric energy or diesel fuel. According to a study, this technique is immensely effective while preparing the soil for cultivation known as rouni in the colloquial language. This study was based around Khanpur Dam region, where the local farmers have used the sprinklers in abundance in order to grow fruits, vegetable and other plants. The study also mentioned that around 65-75% of water efficiency was calculated with the adoption of this irrigation system. Both portable and semi portable sprinklers system have been installed by farmers in order to utilize the scarce water resources with maximum efficacy. The greatest amount of utility of this mechanism can be for the farmers based in rain-fed areas of Potohar, or other water scarce regions, which grow fruits and vegetables but do not have access to abundant water supplies. Thus, government should spread awareness in collaboration with the private sector, in order to equip the farmers with specialized knowledge about the installation and operation of sprinkler systems. Rustic farmers do not possess enough knowledge about the multitude advantages, which sprinklers come with, and the majority of them are wary of its initial high cost. Institutions should be made active which provide technical and financial support for the farmers interested in adopting sprinkler systems for their orchards or fields.
Precision Land Leveling
In addition to this, another smart agricultural practice employed by many countries includes laser based land leveling. This minimizes the negatives effects of water logging, surface runoff and lesser amounts of water is needed to irrigate the fields if they are leveled precisely. There are a plethora of advantages of land leveling for both the state as well as the farmers. Since agricultural productivity increases and lesser amounts of water is utilized for growing crops, this provides great advantages for all the stakeholders. In a study conducted in Punjab, it was concluded that around 25% reduction in irrigation and 20% increase in acreage was noted in the crops by the application of this technology. Therefore, provincial governments should spread awareness and provide technical assistance to the farmers about laser based land leveling. The district administration should make it mandatory on large scale farmers should level their fields, however the small farmers should be given financial assistance to employ this project.
Water Harvesting Farming System
Lastly, an ancient technique of growing crops in areas fed by the rainwater only could be employed in the modern age as well. Water harvesting refers to collecting rainwater in uncultivated areas in the form of small reservoirs and later distributed to adjoining cultivates areas. This technique can be used for cultivating economically higher value crops in rain-fed areas as land gradient in plateau regions is higher and water can easily flow from higher land to the lower. In the same vein, stored water can be efficiently used via drip irrigation or sprinkler systems. In the same vein, micro-catchments and terrace farming are some of the practical applications of these techniques in the hilly areas of Pakistan.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, Pakistan is highly affected by the changing global weather patterns and global warming. In these circumstances, there is a looming possibility that Pakistan might be at the brink of severe water scarcity. Therefore, in order to counter these ecological shifts, Pakistani state and society should play a proactive role and plan accordingly in order to conserve the agricultural sector and maintain the requisite food security, protect the social fabric and ultimately safeguard the national security. Therefore, massive efforts should be unleashed, which aim to utilize the scarce water resources with a higher degree of efficiency and efficacy.

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