SOME SPECIES OF Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) FROM IRAN

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262696288

SOME SPECIES OF Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) FROM IRAN Article · October 2013

CITATIONS

READS

4

66

2 authors: Reza Ghaderi

Akbar Karegar

Shiraz University

Shiraz University

23 PUBLICATIONS 41 CITATIONS

71 PUBLICATIONS 137 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Reza Ghaderi on 30 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ )‪ Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫*‬

‫)‪SOME SPECIES OF Paratylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae‬‬ ‫‪FROM IRAN‬‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ* ﻭ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺑﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫‪۱‬‬

‫)ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪۱۳۹۱/۳/۱۶ :‬؛ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ‪(۱۳۹۱/۱۰/۱۳ :‬‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻏﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻔـﺖ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Paratylenchus‬ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪ P. straeleni ،P. similis ،P. neoprojectus ،P. conicephalus ،P. colinus ،P. arculatus‬ﻭ ‪ P. veruculatus‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. neoprojectus ،P. colinus‬ﻭ ‪ P. veruculatus‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴ ﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. straeleni‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. colinus‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩ ﻳﻮﺍﻧﺪﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻛ ﺮﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. neoprojectus‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻏﻴ ﺮﻣﺜﻤﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺮ ﻳ ﺰ ﻭ ﻧﻴ ﺰ ﻧﻬﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺭﺩﺁﻟﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﻨﺪﺝ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪P.‬‬ ‫‪ veruculatus‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻧﻴﺸ ﻜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛ ﻠﻴﺪ‪Paratylenchinae ،Gracilacus ،Paratylenchus ،‬‬

‫*‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪[email protected]:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬

‫‪۱۳۷‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922‬ﺑـﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. bukowinensis‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺧــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ ،Hoplolaiminae Filipjev, 1934‬ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺧــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ Criconematinae Taylor, 1936‬ﺟــﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺭﻥ )‪ (Thorne 1949‬ﺯﻳﺮﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪Paratylenchinae‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺧـــــــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ Criconematidae‬ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺸـــــــﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

‫‪ Paratylenchus‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ Tylenchulidae‬ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪Decraemer & Hunt‬‬

‫‪ .(2006‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـــﻦ ﺯﻳﺮﺧــــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓــــﺰﻭﻥ ﺑــــﺮ ﺟــــﻨﺲ‬ ‫‪ ،Paratylenchus‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ Cacopaurus‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(Sturhan 1977‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤـﺚ ﭘـﮋﻭﻫﺶﮔـﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺯﺳﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ۱۰۷‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒـﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻋﻀـﺎﻱ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬ ‫‪ Paratylenchus‬ﺑـﻪ ‪ ۱۱۲‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ) ‪cited in‬‬

‫‪Pramodini et ،Nguyen et al. 2004 ،Andràssy 2007‬‬ ‫‪ Kashi et al. 2009 ،al. 2006‬ﻭ ‪Van den Berg et al.‬‬

‫‪ .(2011‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ۱۸‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ‪ Paratylenchus‬ﻳـﺎ ‪ Gracilacus‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۳۸۸‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۳۹۰‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﻤﻦﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻒﺯﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﻤـﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻨـﺎﻡ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ‪Paratylenchus Micoletzky,‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪﻫﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳـﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺳـﻜﻲ )‪ ،(Raski 1962; 1976; 1991‬ﺭﺍﺳـﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻟــﻮﻙ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﮔﺮﻳﺴـﻪ‬

‫‪ 1922‬ﺑﺎ ‪ Gracilacus Raski, 1962‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒـﻖ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬

‫)‪ (Whitehead & Haemming 1965‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‬

‫)‪ ،(Raski & Luc 1987‬ﻣﺠﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ) ‪Maggenti et‬‬

‫)‪ (De Grisse 1969‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫‪ ،(2007‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺍﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻩ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻳﺨــﺖﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺨــﺖﺳــﻨﺠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ‬

‫‪ ،(al. 1988‬ﺍﻳﺴـﺮ )‪ (Esser 1992‬ﻭ ﺁﻧﺪﺭﺍﺳـﻲ ) ‪Andràssy‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Paratylenchus‬ﻭ‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺍﻧﻌﻄــﺎﻑﭘــﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻠﻨــﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۴۰‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟــﻨﺲ ‪ Gracilacus‬ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺻــﺪﻳﻘﻲ‬

‫)‪ (Siddiqi 2000‬ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﺟﻨﺲ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔـﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬

‫)‪ ،(Geraert 1965‬ﺳﻮﻟﻮﻭﻳﻮﺍ )‪ ،(Solov’eva 1975‬ﺑﺮﺯﺳﻜﻲ‬ ‫)‪ (Brzeski 1998‬ﻭ ﺩﻛﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻧﺖ ) ‪Decraemer & Hunt‬‬

‫‪ (2006‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘــﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘــﻪﺑﻨــﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋــﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺯﺳﻜﻲ )‪ (1998‬ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۸‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫـﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ )‪،(Brzeski 1998 ،Esser 1992 ،Raski 1991‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ ـﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻫﻔــﺖ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟــﻨﺲ ‪Paratylenchus‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ ۲۱‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬

... ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‬

‫ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬Paratylenchus ‫ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻨﺲ‬.۱ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ Table 1. Reported species of Paratylenchus from Iran

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ‬

‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‬

(‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ )ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬

(Paratylenchus species)

(Hosts) †

(Locality)

First report

P. arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962 (Syn: P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963)

Citrus, grapevine, sugarbeet, pistachio, almond, turfgrass, tomato, apricot

Hormozgan, Hamadan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, Yazd, Fars, West Azarbayjan

15

P. bukowinensis Micoletzky, 1922

Lycium depressum

Khuzestan

8

P. colinus (Huang & Raski, 1986) Brzeski, 1998

apple

Kurdistan

17

P. conicephalus Van den Berg, Eskandari, Tiedet & Karegar, 2011

Prangos ferulacea, grapevine

Kurdistan

16

P. coronatus Colbran, 1965

pomegranate, ficus, apricot, pussy, cherry, grapevine, rapeseed

Kerman, North Khorasan

2, 10

P. dianthus Jenkins & Taylor, 1956

carnation, rose

Tehran

4

P. elachistus Steiner, 1949

citrus, cereals, chickpea

Mazandaran, Kermanshah

12

P. hamatus Thorne & Allen, 1950

citrus, alfalfa, vegetables, fruit trees

Hormozgan, Boushehr, Sistan and Baluchistan, Hamadan

1

P. idalimus (Raski, 1962) Siddiqi & Goodey, 1964)

grapevine, bean

West Azarbayjan, Markazi

7

P. lepidus Raski, 1975

pistachio, almond, field crops

Kerman, Yazd, Fars

2

P. mexicanus Raski, 1975

vegetables

East Azarbayjan

9

P. nanus Cobb, 1923

walnut, apricot, fruit trees, citrus

Zanjan, Ardabil, Guilan, Mazandaran

14

P. neoamblycephalus Geraert, 1965

apricot, field crops

East Azarbayjan, Fars

6

P. neoprojectus Wu and Hawn, 1975

Shade trees, apricot seedlings

East Azarbayjan, Kurdistan

17

P. paraperaticus Kashi, Karegar & Kheiri, 2009

walnut

Hamadan

11

P. perlatus Raski, 1975

rapeseed

North Khorasan

3

۱۳۹

۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬/ ۲ ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬/ ۴۹ ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬/ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

.۱ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ P. peraticus (Raski, 1962) Siddiqi & Goodey, 1964

grapevine, olive

P. projectus Jenkins, 1956

peanut, apple, corn, alfalfa, walnut, plum, cherry, peach, pistachio, almond, wheat

wheat, barley, corn, alfalfa, cherry, turfgrass, rapeseed, P. similis Khan, Prasad & Mathur, bean, parsimmon, 1967 ornamentals, artimisia, fruit trees P. straeleni (De Coninck, 1931) huzelnut, quercus Oostenbrink, P. veruculatus Wu, 1962 sugarcane

West Azarbayjan, Markazi, Esfahan, Ghazvin, Tehran, Hamadan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Lorestan Alburz, East Azarbayjan, Ardabil, Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, Chahar Mahal-e-Bakhtiari, Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, North and central Iran Ardabil, East Azarbayjan, Tehran, Hamadan, Chahar Mahal-eBakhtiari, Kerman, Esfahan, Markazi, Alburz, Semnan, Fars, Yazd

5

12

13

Guilan

7

Khuzestan

17

(1) Abivardi, 1970; (2) Ali Ramaji et al., 2006; (3) Baadl et al., 2010; (4,5,6) Barooti, 1981; 1987; 1998; (7) Barooti et al., 2000; (8) Chitamber et al., 2001; (9) Jabbari et al., 2006; (10) Jahanshahi Afshar et al., 2006; (11) Kashi et al., 2009; (12) Kheiri, 1972; (13) Niknam & Kheiri, 1997; (14) Nouri et al., 2004; (15) Tanha Maafi & Kheiri, 1989; (16) van den Berg et al., 2011; (17) Present study. .‫( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬Bold) ‫ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ‬،‫† ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬.‫ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬P. nawadus ‫ ﻭ‬P. coronatus

‫ ﺑــﻪ‬P. veruculatus ‫ ﻭ‬P. neoprojectus ،P. colinus

‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ )ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ( ﻭ‬

‫ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓـﻮﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‬

-۱۹) ‫ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬P. straeleni ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬

‫ ﺩﺭ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ( ﻣﺘﻤــﺎﻳﺰ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‬۳۹-۲۹ ‫ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑــﻞ‬۳۲

‫ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬،‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑـﻴﺶ‬۲۱ ‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬P. nawadus

.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬،(‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬۲۳ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬%۹۵) ‫ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬

Paratylenchus arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962- ۱

‫ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺭﻳـﺰﺵ ﻏـﺪﻩ‬،(‫ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬%۷۰ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

(۲ ‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ )ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔـــﻲﻫـــﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴـــﻞ‬P. arculatus ‫ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ( ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣـــﺪﮔﻲﻫـــﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧـــﻪ ﻣﺠـــﺎﻭﺭ ﺧـــﻂ ﻣﻴـــﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ ﺑﺮﺯﺳـﻜﻲ ﻭ‬.‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬

P. nainianus ‫( ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬Brzeski et al. 1999) ‫ﻫﻤﻜـﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫( ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ‬submedian lobes) ‫ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ‬،‫ ﭘﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﺮ‬

‫ ﻫﻤﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ‬P. arculatus ‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ‬Edward & Misra, 1963

‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻡ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﮔﺮﺩ‬

،‫ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﻤـﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬

،P. baldaccii ‫ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

۱۴۰

... ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‬

‫ﺝ‬

(‫ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴ ﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬Paratylenchus arculatus ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬.۲ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬

Table 2. Morphometric characters of the Paratylenchus arculatus population its comparison with original description and other populations from Iran (measurements are in µm) Luc & De Karegar et al. Gharakhani et al. 2007 Present Study Character\Origin Guiran 1962 1995 Females CV Males CV Females Females Females Males n L a b c c' V Stylet Conus

17 259 ± 29.2 (223-350) 18.9 ± 2.4 (15.2-22.8) 3.6 ± 0.2 (3.2-4.0) 17.8 ± 2.6 (14.4-22.0) 2.1 ± 0.4 (1.6-2.9) 81.8 ± 1.3 (79.1-84.0) 27.0 ± 2.1 (22.9-29.4) 18.1 ± 1.6 (15.5-20.3)

11.3 12.7 6.2 14.8 18.0 1.5 9.0 8.9

3 300 ± 34.4 (275-339) 26.7 ± 3.1 (24.8-30.3) 4.5 ± 0.4 (4.2-4.9) 17.0 ± 0.6 (16.6-17.7) 2.2 ± 0.4 (1.9-2.7) -

11.5 11.6 7.9 3.7 16.5 -

13 180-250 16-25 2.9-3.7 15-18 81-84 24-28 -

15 225-395 15-28 3.1-4.3 8.8-21.4 1.6-3.5 80-85 24-34 -

14 225-325 17-25.5 3.4-4.5 16.2-25.5 1.9-2.4 79-84 23-31 -

5 210-298 21-25 17.5-21 1.4-2.1 -

m

66.9 ± 1.6 (63.7-69.5)

2.5

-

-

-

62-77

61.5-74

-

Pharynx length

71.8 ± 5.8 (67.1-91.5)

8.1

65.8 ± 3.8 (62.0-69.5)

5.7

-

-

62-85

-

Excretory pore

59.4 ± 5.3 (49.8-72.7)

9.0

--

-

45-58

57-92

55-84

54-60

Nerve ring

54.0 ± 5.2 (42.7-68.0)

9.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

Head-vulva

212 ± 23.9 (182-287)

11.3

-

-

-

-

186-269

-

Vulva-anus

32.4 ± 5.0 (23.0-43.0)

15.5

-

-

-

-

29-47

-

Head-anus

244 ± 27.9 (212-330)

11.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tail length

14.8 ± 2.6 (11-19)

17.5

17.6 ± 2.4 (15.5-20.2)

13.5

-

12-31

12-19

10-17

Body width

13.9 ± 1.8 (10.5-17.7)

13.2

11.2 ± 0.3 (11.0-11.5)

2.2

-

-

12-19

10-12

St/L

9.6 ± 1.3 (7.9-12.4)

13.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

EP/L

23.0 ± 1.2 (20.9-26.0)

5.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

Spicule

-

-

16.5 ± 2.2 (15.0-19.1)

13.5

-

-

-

15-17

۱۴۱

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺮﺁﻣـﺪﮔﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺟﻠــﻮﻳﻲ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﺗﺨــﺖ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻋــﺮﺽ ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ‪ ۲/۸‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪۳/۵‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ )ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ‪ (P. nainianus‬ﺗـﺎ ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻏﺪﻩ ﭘﺸـﺘﻲ ﻣـﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ )ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ (P. arculatus‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔـﺮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻛﺎﻛـﺎﺋﻮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺳــــﺎﺣﻞ ﻋــــﺎﺝ ﺟﺪﺍﺳــــﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــــﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳــــﺪ‬ ‫)‪ .(Luc & de Guiran 1962‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ ۸/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ‪ ۱۵‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۳۱‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻣﻌـﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻴـﺮﻱ )‪ ،(Tanha Maafi & Kheiri 1989‬ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴـﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ ‪ ،criconematoid‬ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺭﺩﺁﻟﻮ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ )ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴـﻪ( ﻭ ﻫـﻢﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻙ ﭼﻤﻦ )ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺮﺩﻳﺲ ﺍﺭﻡ( ﺟﻤـﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪P. nainianus‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﺰﻭﻧﻴﺪ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫‪Paratylenchus colinus Hwang & Raski, 1986 - ۲‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(A-I ۱‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻥﺷـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ C‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﺗـﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺟﻠـﻮﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕـﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﻪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﮊﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺎﻑ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻭ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ ﻋﻘﺒـﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱/۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎﹰ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿـﻲ‬

‫ﻇﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧـﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

‫ﭘﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻢ ﻭﻟـﻲ‬

‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﺳﺖﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻡ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃـﻲ ﻭ‬

‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ‪ ۵/۶‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۶/۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻠﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬

‫ﻧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﺑـﺪﻥ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻛـﻪ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜـﻮﻝ‬

‫‪۱۴۲‬‬

... ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‬

(‫ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ )ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬Paratylenchus colinus ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬.۳ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ Table 3. Morphometric characters of the Iranian population of Paratylenchus colinus and its comparison with other populations (measurements are in µm) Present Study

Character\Origin Females

۱۴۳

n

15

L a b c c' V Stylet Conus m Pharynx length Excretory pore Nerve ring Head-vulva Vulva-anus Head-anus Tail length Body width St/L EP/L Spicule

286 ± 12.1 (256-304) 23.1 ± 1.6 (19.9-26.2) 2.6 ± 0.2 (2.2-3.1) 12.3 ± 1.2 (10.4-14.0) 3.2 ± 0.3 (2.7-3.8) 72.8 ± 1.0 (71.4-74.9) 62.4 ± 4.0 (56.0-69.0) 56.3 ± 3.9 (50.0-62.4) 90.2 ± 0.8 (88.5-91.4) 111 ± 9.5 (90-132) 72.9 ± 5.6 (64.0-85.5) 89.4 ± 6.6 (78.3-103.0) 208 ± 9.2 (184-222) 58.1 ± 6.3 (47.6-68.9) 263 ± 11.9 (234-281) 23.4 ± 2.2 (20.5-27.0) 12.4 ± 0.8 (11.0-14.0) 21.8 ± 1.2 (19.4-22.9) 25.3 ± 1.8 (22.4-28.1) -

CV

Males

CV

4 4.2 7.0 8.0 9.5 10.3 1.3 6.4 6.9 0.9 8.5 6.1 7.4 4.4 10.8 4.5 9.6 6.4 5.4 7.2 -

320 ± 8.1 (313-332) 26.0 ± 1.0 (24.5-26.5) 4.6 ± 0.1 (4.5-4.7) 13.2 ± 0.5 (12.8-13.9) 2.6 ± 0.1 (2.5-2.8) 69.6 ± 2.9 (67.5-73.8) 24.3 ± 1.3 (23.0-26.0) 12.4 ± 0.6 (11.8-13.0) 17.6 ± 0.6 (17.0-18.5)

2.5 3.7 1.7 3.5 5.5 4.1 5.3 4.5 3.6

Huang & Raski 1986 Female

Females

Males

1

75

8

270 9.2 2.6 8.6 3.9 69.3 72 64 102 78 31 -

250-340 2.2-4.3 69-78 56-75 51-70 71-131 -

280-340 28-33.2 10.2-17.7 2.3-4 16-28 9-12 16-26

Doucet 1994

۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬/ ۲ ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬/ ۴۹ ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬/ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

D- ،‫ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬:C ،‫ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮐﻮﺗﻴ ﮑﻮﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:B ،‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻱ‬:A .(A-G) ‫ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬:Paratylenchus colinus .۱ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ J-) ‫ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬:Paratylenchus neoprojectus .‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻡ‬:I ،‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻱ‬:H .(H-I) ‫ ﻧﺮ‬.‫ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:G ،‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻡ‬:F ،‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‬:E

.‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻡ‬:P-R ،‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‬:O ،‫ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:N ،‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬:M ،‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:K-L ،‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻱ‬:J .(R

Fig. 1. Paratylenchus colinus: Female (A-G). A: Pharyngeal region, B: Punctations on the anterior end of body, C: Deirid and lateral field, D-E: Reproductive system, F: Tail shape, G: General view. Male (H-I). H: Pharyngeal region, I: Tail shape. Paratylenchus neoprojectus: Female (J-R). J: Pharyngeal region, K-L: Anterior end, M: Lateral field, N: General view, O: Part of reproductive system, P-R: Tail shape.

۱۴۴

‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳـﻂ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜــﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻃــﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧــﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳــﻠﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴــﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ۱/۳ ،‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱/۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳـﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ‬

‫ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﺭﻳـﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ )‪ ۶۹-۵۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ‪ ۸۸-۷۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ( ﻭ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣـﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪P.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﭘــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺭﺳـﺎ‪ .‬ﺩﻡ ﺍﺳــﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗــﺎ‬

‫ﻋــﻼﻭﻩ ﺑــﺮ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬــﺎﺭ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﭘﻬﻦﺗـﺮ‬

‫‪ P.‬ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺭﻓﺘــﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﺧﻤﻴـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﺷـﻜﻤﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬

‫‪ idalimus‬ﻣﺘﻤــﺎﻳﺰ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟــﻨﺲ ‪،Paratylenchus‬‬ ‫‪corbettii‬‬

‫‪punctatus ،P.‬‬

‫‪mutabilis ،P.‬‬

‫‪ P. paraperaticus‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻁ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ P. colinus‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬

‫)‪ (Huang & Raski 1986‬ﻭ ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘ ـﻴﻦ )‪(Doucet 1994‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ـﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴ ـﺖ ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘ ـﻴﻦ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )‪ ۶۹-۵۶‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﻳﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺯﻳـﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺯﻳـﻞ )‪ ۷۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺯﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛ ـﻪ ﻃــﻮﻝ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨــﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ۷۵-۵۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ )‪۶۲/۴‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ )‪ .(Huang & Raski 1986‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ( ﻭ ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ )‪ ۶۸‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﺭﮊﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ‪،‬‬

‫)‪ .(Doucet 1994‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺯﻳـﻞ ﻭ ‪%۶۲‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ‪ ۷۵‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺸـﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﻧـﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧـﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩﻫـﺎ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ‬

‫‪Paratylenchus conicephalus Van den Berg, - ۳‬‬

‫)‪ (Doucet 1994‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ P. colinus‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫‪ P. idalimus‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬

‫‪Eskandari, Tiedet & Karegar, 2011‬‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪(۴‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. conicephalus‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ‬

‫ﺑ ـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳــﻪ ﺷ ـﻴﺎﺭ ﺟــﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻭ ﭘــﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪۱۴۵‬‬

۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬/ ۲ ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬/ ۴۹ ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬/ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

(‫ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ )ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬P. neoprojectus ‫ ﻭ‬Paratylenchus conicephalus ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬.۴ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ Table 4. Morphometric characters of Paratylenchus conicephalus and P. neoprojectus collected from Iran and comparison with other populations (measurements are in µm) P. neoprojectus P. conicephalus Van den Berg et Yu Wu & Hawn Present study Present study Bajaj 1987 Character\Origin al. 2011 1975 Females CV Females Females CV Females Females n 11 17 15 76 18 L 386 ± 15.2 (361-409) 3.9 365-501 387 ± 21.1 (344-416) 5.4 327-405 330-411 a 23.7 ± 0.8 (22.3-24.7) 3.5 16.4-22.8 22.3 ± 2.0 (18.8-24.7) 9.0 18-26 17-23 4.0 ± 0.2 (3.7-4.3) 4.4 3.8-4.6 3.5-4.6 b 3.9 ± 0.2 (3.5-4.0) 4.6 3.5-4.3 15.4 ± 1.4 (12.2-17.0) 8.8 10.2-18 c 15.9 ± 1.6 (13.9-18.1) 9.9 14-16 16-20 3.2 ± 0.3 (2.8-3.7) 8.1 2.6-5.5 c' 2.9 ± 0.2 (2.7-3.2) 5.5 2.0-2.4 V 80.5 ± 0.7 (79.7-81.9) 0.8 79-83 83.5 ± 1.5 (81.2-86.3) 1.8 82.0-85.7 84-89 Stylet 29.2 ± 1.2 (27.8-31.3) 4.1 29.5-35 27.4 ± 1.3 (24.9-29.3) 4.7 28-31 26-29 Conus 18.2 ± 1.0 (16.7-19.4) 5.2 17.8 ± 1.0 (16.2-19.3) 5.5 m 62.5 ± 1.7 (60.1-66.4) 2.8 62.5-67.6 65.2 ± 1.1 (63.0-66.4) 1.7 97.3 ± 5.0 (87.3Pharynx length 99.9 ± 3.3 (92.2-105) 3.3 104-118 5.1 82-94 103.2) Excretory pore 87.3 ± 4.2 (81.2-95.3) 4.8 81-101 87.5 ± 5.4 (76.4-92.6) 6.1 72-88 80-99 Nerve ring 76.3 ± 1.9 (73.0-79.9) 2.5 75.8 ± 4.2 (67.4-79.4) 5.5 Head-vulva 311 ± 13.0 (288-326) 4.2 344-406 323 ± 20.5 (286-359) 6.3 Vulva-anus 50.0 ± 3.8 (43.3-57.0) 7.7 34-64.5 39.5 ± 6.4 (33.2-51.0) 16.2 29-44 Head-anus 361 ± 15.4 (331-383) 4.3 363 ± 21.5 (319-393) 5.9 24.5 ± 1.8 (22.5-27.6) 7.2 23-27 Tail length 25.3 ± 2.2 (22.4-29.7) 8.8 25.5-46 Body width 16.3 ± 0.4 (15.8-17.0) 2.4 17.5-26 17.5 ± 2.0 (14.6-20.5) 11.4 St/L 7.5 ± 0.3 (7.0-8.0) 3.7 6.5-8 7.1 ± 0.6 (6.5-8.1) 8.6 22.6 ± 0.9 (21.5-23.8) 4.0 EP/L 22.6 ± 0.8 (21.4-23.8) 3.7 18.2-22.1

۱۴۶

‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻡ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﮔﻼﺑـﻲ‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻳﭽـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸـــﻪ ﻳـــﻚ ﮔﻴـــﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻔـــﻲ ﺑـــﺎ ﻧـــﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻤـــﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ﺩﻓﻌـﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﻲ‬

‫‪ Prangus ferulacea‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﺳــﺮﻭﺁﺑﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺗـﺎ ﺳـﻪ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﻠـﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﻗﺰﻟﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻘﺰ )ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ )‪.(Van den Berg et al. 2011‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﺰﻭﻧﻴﺪ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺯﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬

‫‪Paratylenchus neoprojectus Yu Wu & Hawn, 1975‬‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۴‬ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(J-R ۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ C‬ﺑـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﺪﻥ ‪ ۱/۱‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱/۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺻﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﺳﺮ ﻫﻤﻄﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﺗﺨـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺟﻠـﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‪ ۶/۶ ،‬ﺗـﺎ ‪۷/۶‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠـﺎﻭﺭ ﺧـﻂ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻗﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋـﺮﺽ‬

‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۳/۵‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۴/۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﮔـﺮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ۳۲-۲۲ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ۱۲۶-۸۱‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻏﺪﻩ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﭘـﻨﺞ ﺗـﺎ ﻫﺸـﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﻲﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﮊﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺳﺎﺯ ﺗﺨـﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺿـﻮﺡ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﺮﺩ ﭘﻬﻦ‬

‫)‪ ،(Bluntly rounded‬ﮔـــﺎﻫﻲ ﮔـــﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳـــﻚ ) ‪Finely‬‬

‫‪ (Rounded‬ﻳ ـﺎ ﺯﺍﻳ ـﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (Digitate‬ﻣ ـﻲﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻳــﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ‪ P. neoprojectus‬ﺑﺴ ـﻴﺎﺭ ﺷــﺒﻴﻪ ﺑــﻪ ‪P. projectus‬‬

‫ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻳـﻮ ﻭﻭ ﻭ ﻫـﺎﻭﻥ )‪ (Yu Wu & Hawn 1975‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. neoprojectus‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ )‪-۲۸‬‬

‫‪ ۳۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌـﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﮔـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪ P. projectus‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ )‪ ۲۸-۲۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻﹰ‬

‫‪۱۴۷‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺫﻭﺯﻧﻘـﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫)‪ (Trapezoid‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺗﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﺲ‬

‫‪-۵‬‬

‫‪Paratylenchus similis Khan, Prasad & Mathur, 1967‬‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪(۵‬‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ‪ P. similis‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔ ـﻲﻫــﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﺳــﺮ ﻭﺍﺟــﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ P. projectus‬ﺑـﺎ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۱۸‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ P. neoprojectus‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧـﺮ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸـــﺘﺮ )‪ (Brzeski 1995 ،Bajaj 1987‬ﻭ ﻫـــﻢﭼﻨـــﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﭘـﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ )‪ (Bajaj 1987‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ & ‪P. tateae Wu‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪-‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪ‬

‫‪ P. labiosus Anderson & Kimpiski, 1977‬ﺑــﺎ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﻏﻴـﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ‬

‫‪ P. italiensis Raski, 1975a ،Townshend, 1973‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ )‪ .(Brzeski 1995‬ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ‬

‫)‪ .(Brzeski & Hanel 2000‬ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺩﻡ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻭ ‪P. similis‬‬

‫ﺑــﺮ ﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺻــﻔﺖ ﺍﻣﻜــﺎﻥﭘــﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺒــﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺻــﻔﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﺎﺟـﺎﺝ )‪ (Bajaj 1987‬ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬

‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬــﺎﻱ ﮔــﺮﺩ ﭘﻬــﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻏﻠــﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺯﺍﻳــﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﺗــﺪ ﻧــﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛ ـﻪ ﺍﻳ ـﻦ ﻫــﻢ ﺻــﻔﺖ ﭘﺎﻳ ـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﻡ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬

‫)‪ (Digitate‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺑﺮﺯﺳــﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻧــﻞ )‪،(Brzeski & Hanel 2000‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ P. projectus‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﺍﺳـﭙﺮﻡ ﭘـﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖﻫـﺎ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬

‫)‪.(Brzeski 1995‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ‪ P. similis‬ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺧــﺎﻙ ﺍﻃــﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻳﺸــﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮﺭﮔﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﺟﻤــﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳ ـﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬

‫)‪ .(Khan et al. 1967‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ )‪.(Niknam & Kheiri 1997‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﺩ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ﺩﻓﻌـﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ‪ P. neoprojectus‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﺠـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻧـﺎﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪ )‪ .(Yu Wu & Hwan 1975‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘـﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺋﻞﮔﻠﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧﻬـﺎﻝﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﺭﺩﺁﻟـﻮ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻨﺪﺝ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪۱۴۸‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮ ﻭ ﺫﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺷـﺖ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ‪P. tateae‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺰﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻤﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﻜﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺻـﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺟﻤـﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

... ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‬

(‫ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ )ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬Paratylenchus similis ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬.۵ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ Table 5. Morphometric characters of Paratylenchus similis collected during present study and its comparison with other populations (measurements are in µm) Khan et Yu Wu & Raski Anderson & Van den Berg et al. Present study al. 1967 Townshend 1973 1975 Kimpiski 1977 2011 Character\Origin Females CV Females Females Females Females Females 10

43

31

14

9

10.2

280-360

315-401

230-340

329-400

292-356

22.6 ± 1.5 (20.2-24.6)

6.5

20-26

19-26

15-25

23-29

15.9-24.2

b

3.5 ± 0.2 (3.3-3.9)

5.0

4.8-5.9

3.8-5.9

3.2-4.0

4.0-4.6

3.3-3.9

c

16.4 ± 1.5 (13.3-18.8)

9.4

9-10

11.7-15.8

11-18

9-12

15.1-18.6

c'

2.8 ± 0.3 (2.1-3.1)

10.1

-

-

-

3.1-4.2

1.9-2.7

V

82.9 ± 1.3 (81.4-84.6)

1.5

83-84

80.5-84.7

80-85

79-84

85-87

Stylet

15.4 ± 1.1 (14.0-17.8)

7.1

11-12

15-16.8

12-17

15-17

14.5-16.5

Conus

9.1 ± 0.9 (8.0-11.2)

10.0

-

8.7-10.5

-

9-11

-

m

59.2 ± 3.5 (52.9-64.3)

6.0

-

56-68

-

-

62.5-66.7

Pharynx length

91.4 ± 6.6 (76.5-98.9)

10.2

-

77-89

-

78-93

81-94.5

Excretory pore

72.7 ± 7.4 (61.5-84.9)

7.5

-

68-81

58-75

67-80

65.5-75

Nerve ring

66.4 ± 5.0 (55.5-71.3)

7.5

-

-

-

-

-

Head-vulva

269 ± 25.4 (229-312)

9.4

-

-

-

-

-

Vulva-anus

35.8 ± 7.9 (25.0-46.6)

22.1

-

28-41

-

-

-

Head-anus

305 ± 32.5 (254-355)

10.7

-

-

-

-

-

Tail length

19.9 ± 1.5 (17.0-22.0)

7.8

-

22-33

-

27-38

18.5-23.5

Body width

14.4 ± 1.3 (12.5-16.5)

8.9

-

-

-

13-17

14.5-18.5

St/L

4.8 ± 0.6 (3.9-5.6)

12.1

-

-

-

-

-

EP/L

22.5 ± 2.1 (19.7-26.9)

9.3

-

-

-

-

21.1-23.8

۱۴۹

n

10

L

325 ± 33.1 (271-375)

a

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫‪Paratylenchus straeleni (de Coninck, 1931) - ۶‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﮊﻥ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺏ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ ﺟﻠـﻮﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ‬

‫‪Oostenbrink, 1960‬‬ ‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۶‬ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(A-L ۲‬‬

‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔـﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻥﺷـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪C‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﻧـﺎﻗﺺ ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ ـﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿ ـﻲ ﻇﺮﻳ ـﻒ‪ ،‬ﻋــﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳ ـﻪ ‪۶/۲-۵/۵‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜـﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳـﻂ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬

‫‪ ۱/۲‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱/۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺻﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﭘﻬﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ۱۹-۱۴ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ۳۵-۲۶‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻏﺪﻩ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻲ ﭘـﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۶/۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ ﻣـﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘـﻪ ﻋﺼـﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﺰﻭﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﻫـﻢﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ﺩﻓﻌـﻲ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﻲ ﺗـﺎ ﻳـﻚ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﻠـﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻳـﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧ ـﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻫﻤﻴﺰﻭﻧﻴ ـﺪ ﺩﻳ ـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳـﻚ‬

‫ﺟﻔﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﭘﻮﺷـﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۵۰‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻀﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺭﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﭼﺴﺒﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺐ )‪ (Post-vaginal tissue‬ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺨـﺮﺝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﻡ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮔـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ )‪ (Finely rounded‬ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮﻙﺗﻴـﺰ )‪ (Acute‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮﺡ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ‬

‫)‪ (Brown 1959‬ﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺯﺳـﻜﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻧــﻞ )‪ (Brzeski & Hanel 1999‬ﺗﻄــﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺎﻣــﻞ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻗﺒﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫)‪ ،(Barooti et al. 2000‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫)‪ ۵۶/۵-۴۷/۶‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ۵۸-۵۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﻣﺨـﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪۴۰‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺑــﻪ ﻏﻴــﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪،P. brasiliensis ،P. aonli ،P. ivorensis ،P. goodeyi‬‬

‫‪ P. robustus‬ﻭ ‪ P. crenatus‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ P. crenatus‬ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﺻـﺎﻑ‬

‫)‪ (crenate‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻠﻨـﺪﺗﺮ )‪ ۷۳-۶۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ‬

‫‪ ۵۶/۶-۴۷/۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺟﻠـﻮﺗﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )‪ V = ۷۶-۸۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـــﻪ ﺑـــﺎ ‪ .(۸۲/۹-۸۰/۶‬ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ‬

... ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ‬:‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‬

(‫ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ )ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬P. veruculatus ‫ ﻭ‬Paratylenchus straeleni ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬.۶ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ Table 6. Morphometric characters of the Iranian populations of Paratylenchus straeleni and P. veruculatus and their comparison with other populations (measurements are in µm) P. straeleni Character\Origin

Females

‫؟‬

56

5

Brown 1959

Present study Females

P. veruculatus Brzeski & Hanel 1999 Females

CV

Present study Females

CV

Yu Wu 1962

Brzeski 1995

Females

Females

30

27

n

15

L a b c c' V Stylet Conus m Pharynx length Excretory pore Nerve ring Head-vulva

340 ± 18.6 (312-387) 24.7 ± 1.1 (22.8-27.4) 3.2 ± 0.2 (2.9-3.7) 13.0 ± 0.8 (10.8-13.9) 3.3 ± 0.2 (3.1-3.5) 81.9 ± 0.6 (80.6-82.9) 53.3 ± 2.2 (47.6-56.5) 40.8 ± 1.9 (34.5-43.4) 76.4 ± 2.0 (72.5-79.8) 106 ± 3.2 (102-114) 86.8 ± 4.5 (78.0-93.8) 81.4 ± 2.8 (76.0-86.9) 279 ± 14.8 (255-317) 35.1 ± 3.3 (28.0-40.7)

5.5 4.6 5.8 6.5 5.2 0.7 4.0 4.7 2.6 3.0 5.2 3.4 5.3 9.3

304-381 17.6-22.9 3.1-4.4 11.0-18.9 79-83 48-55 -

284-386 20-27 3.0-3.8 11-15 2.5-3.5 80-84 48-58 38-47 76-81 92-111 69-92 -

314 ± 27.5 (291-351) 22.2 ± 1.2 (20.6-23.9)

8.8 5.6

249-323 19.6-24.8

235-323 14-25

4.1 ± 0.5 (3.6-4.8) 14.1 ± 0.5 (13.2-14.6) 2.7 ± 0.1 (2.6-2.8) 85.0 ± 0.6 (84.0-85.5) 12.1 ± 1.4 (10.7-14.0) 6.9 ± 0.5 (6.2-7.4) 52.3 ± 4.6 (47.7-59.2) 77.9 ± 6.5 (70.0-86.0) 69.6 ± 4.1 (65.1-74.7) 60.5 ± 4.6 (55.9-66.0)

11.7 3.7 2.0 0.7 4.2 7.2 8.9 8.3 5.9 7.7

3.3-4.7 11.6-15.8 81.4-84.8 12-15 65-89 -

3.3-4.7 10.7-17.2 1.9-3.3 80-85 10.5-14.5 54-75 -

267 ± 21.6 (248-295) 24.9 ± 4.7 (21.0-32.0)

8.1 18.7

23-37

-

314 ± 16.8 (287-358) 26.3 ± 2.6 (24.0-32.0) 13.8 ± 1.0 (12.5-17.0) 15.7 ± 0.8 (13.6-16.9) 25.5 ± 1.1 (23.9-27.3)

5.4 9.9 7.4 5.3 4.4

-

20-31 21-27

292 ± 26.1 (269-327) 22.3 ± 1.5 (20.7-24.0) 14.2 ± 1.6 (12.2-16.4) 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.6-4.2) 22.2 ± 0.8 (21.3-23.1)

9.0 6.8 11.3 8.1 3.5

20-28 -

21.2-25.9

Vulva-anus Head-anus Tail length Body width St/L EP/L

۱۵۱

۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬/ ۲ ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬/ ۴۹ ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬/ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ ﻣﺤﻞ‬:F ،‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:D-E ،‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬:C ،‫ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:B ،‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻱ‬:A .(A-L) ‫ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬:Paratylenchus straeleni .۲ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬:M .(M-V) ‫ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬:Paratylenchus veruculatus .‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻡ‬:J-L ،‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‬:H-I ،‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬:G ،‫ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻳﺪ‬ .‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻡ‬:T-V ،‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‬:R-S ،‫ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:Q ،‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬:P ،‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‬:N-O ،‫ﻣﺮﻱ‬

Fig. 2. Paratylenchus straeleni: Female (A-L). A: Pharyngeal region, B: General view, C: Reproductive system, D-E: Anterior end, F: Deirid, G: Lateral field, H-I: Part of reproductive system, J-L: Tail shape. Paratylenchus veruculatus: Female (M-V). M: Pharyngeal region, N-O: Anterior end, P: Lateral field, Q: General view, R-S: Reproductive system, T-V: Tail shape.

۱۵۲

‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ‪...‬‬

‫‪ P. brasiliensis‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ )‪ ۲۵۰-۲۲۰‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻫﻤﻄــﺮﺍﺯ ﺑــﺎ ﺑــﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔــﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﺟﻠــﻮﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺨــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺎ‬

‫‪ ۳۸۷-۳۱۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺟﻠـﻮﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )‪ V = ۷۰-۷۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ‪ .(۸۲/۹-۸۰/۶‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ P. ivorensis‬ﻭ ‪ P. aonli‬ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺷﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫)‪ V‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ ۷۷-۷۳‬ﻭ ‪ .(۸۴-۷۵‬ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ‬

‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﺪﻥ ‪ ۱/۲‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۱/۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ P. goodeyi‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۱۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﻴﻀـﻲ ﻛﺸـﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ ۲/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲/۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ۲۵ ،‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳۳‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ‪۱/۹‬‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ‪ ۳/۸‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۴/۸‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ ،P. goodeyi‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬

‫ﮔﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. robustus‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲/۳‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺭﻳـﺰﺵ ﻏـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ‪ P. audriellus Brown, 1959‬ﻛــﻪ ﻗــﺒﻼﹰ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻠﺶ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﮔـﻴﻼﻥ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ‬

‫)‪ .(Brzeski 1998‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻋﺼـﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ P. audriellus‬ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﭼﻨﮕـﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳـﺎ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺧـﺰﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻨـﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﺰﻭﻧﻴﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎﹰ ﺩﻭ ﺷـﻴﺎﺭ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﻤﻨـﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪ P. straeleni‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (Claw-shape‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻬﺮﻫــﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺑﻠﮋﻳــﻚ ﺑــﺎ ﻧــﺎﻡ ‪Procriconema‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻲ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﻫﻢﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ straeleni‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ .(Soloveva 1975‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻣﺘـﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻮﻁ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺳﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﮔـﻴﻼﻥ ﺟﻤـﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﻣﻼﹰ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﮊﻥ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺟﻠـﻮﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘــﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧــﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳــﻠﻲ ﻛﻤ ـﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘــﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘــﺮﺩﻩﻫــﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﺴـﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫‪Paratylenchus veruculatus Wu, 1962 - ۷‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧـﻪ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۶‬ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(M-V ۲‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺑﻴﻀـﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻥﺷـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۵۴ × ۱۳‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺗﺎ ‪ C‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﺮ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺳـﺖﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺩﻡ ﺧﻤﻴـﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﻲ ﺑــﻪ‬ ‫‪۱۵۳‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺷـﻜﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳـﻚ ﻭ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫‪ variabilis‬ﻭ ‪ ،(P. microdorus‬ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬

‫ﺯﺍﻳﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ P. variabilis‬ﺩﻡ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ‬

‫ﻧﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﭘﻬﻦ )‪ (bluntly rounded‬ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﮔـــﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳـــﻚ ﻭ ﮔـــﺎﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻳـــﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻣـــﻲﺑﺎﺷـــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ )‪ (Yu Wu 1962‬ﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬

‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺯﺳﻜﻲ )‪ (Brzeski 1995‬ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖﻫــﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺯﺳـﻜﻲ )‪ ۲۷‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗــﺪ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ( ﻭ ﭘــﮋﻭﻫﺶ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. veruculatus‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﭘـﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜـﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ )ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۸‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ(‬ ‫ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ‪P. ،P. breviculus ،P. serricaudatus‬‬

‫‪،P. microdorus ،P. colbrani ،P. pernoxius ،similis‬‬ ‫‪ P. vexans ،P. variabilis ،P. goldeni‬ﻭ ‪P. recisus‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘـﻨﺞ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪P. ،P. breviculus ،P. serricaudatus‬‬

‫‪pernoxius ،similis‬‬

‫‪ P.‬ﻭ ‪colbrani‬‬

‫‪ P.‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ P. veruculatus‬ﺳﺮ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺧـﻼﻑ ‪ P. veruculatus‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﻧـﺮ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻤـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤـﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪ P. vexans ،P. goldeni‬ﻭ ‪ P. recisus‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ‪۱۶‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ‪ ۱۳/۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻛﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗـﺮ )ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪ ۱۴‬ﻭ ‪ ۱۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺩﺭ ‪P.‬‬

‫‪۱۵۴‬‬

‫‪ ،P. veruculatus‬ﺷــﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿــﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜــﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺷﺖﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ P. microdorus‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ P. veruculatus‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤ ـﻲ ‪ Calluna vulgaris‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺍﺳ ـﻜﺎﺗﻠﻨﺪ ﮔــﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ )‪ .(Yu Wu 1962‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻧﻴﺸﻜﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴـ ـﺪ ﺩﻭﺷـــﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـ ـﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪﻫـــﺎﻱ ﺟـــﻨﺲ‬ ‫‪ Paratylenchus‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ‪۲ .....‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ‪۱۷ .....‬‬

‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ‪۱۸ .....‬‬ ‫‪ .۲‬ﺳــﺮ ﺑــﺎ ﻓﺸــﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﻧﺰﺩﻳــﻚ ﻣﻨﻔــﺬ ﺩﻫــﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ )ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ( ‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺠـﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪۷ .....‬‬

‫‪ .۳‬ﺳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ‪.....‬‬ ‫‪P. conicephalus‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‪۴ .....‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ‪...‬‬

‫‪ .۴‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۱۸-۱۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۱۷‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪P. bukowinensis .....‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳـﭙﺮﻡ ﺧـﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﻧـﺮ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﻫــﺎ ‪ ۳۴-۲۷‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ )ﻣﻴــﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪۲۸‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪P. similis .....‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ‪۹-۷‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۹-۱۷‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۱۹‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ‪P. hamatus .....‬‬

‫‪ .۵‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۹-۲۹‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۳۰‬‬

‫‪ ۲۳‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪P. elachistus .....‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪P. coronatus .....‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۸-۲۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۲۳‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﭘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪۵ ..‬‬

‫‪ .۱۲‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۲۵-۱۹‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ )ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۲-۱۷‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۲۸‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪۱۳ .....‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪۶ .....‬‬

‫‪ .۱۳‬ﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﭘﻬﻦ )‪۱۴ ..... (bluntly rounded‬‬

‫‪ .۶‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫـﺎ ‪ ۲۴۰-۱۴۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ )ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪۱۹۰‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﻡ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬــﺎﻱ ﮔــﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳــﻚ )‪ (finely rounded‬ﻳ ـﺎ ﺗﻴ ـﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۲۳-۱۷‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪۲۰‬‬

‫)‪۱۵ ..... (acute‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۹۰-۱۸۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻡ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻛﺮﻭﻱ ‪P. mexicanus .....‬‬

‫‪ ۲۵۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﻫــﺎ ‪ ۳۲-۱۹‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ‪ ۷/۵-۶/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ‬

‫)ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪P. arculatus .....‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺦ ‪P. dianthus ......‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪P. perlatus .....‬‬

‫‪ .۱۴‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺑـﺪﻥ ‪ ۸/۵-۷/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‪،‬‬

‫‪ .۷‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪۸‬‬

‫‪ .۱۵‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﻫــﺎ ‪ ۲۷-۲۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ )ﻣﻴــﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪۲۵‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻧﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪۹ .‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪P. lepidus .....‬‬

‫‪ .۸‬ﺳﺮ ﺫﻭﺯﻧﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌـﻲ‪-‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۴-۲۳‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪۲۸‬‬

‫‪projectus‬‬

‫‪ .۱۶‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ‪P. nanus .....‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺯﺍﻳـﺪﻩ )‪P. ..... (digitate‬‬

‫ ﺳﺮ ﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺣﺒـﺎﺏ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﺮﺩ ﭘﻬﻦ‬

‫)‪P. neoprojectus ..... (bluntly rounded‬‬

‫‪ .۹‬ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ‪ ۱۸-۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ‪۱۰ .....‬‬ ‫ ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ‪۱۲ .....‬‬‫‪ .۱۰‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۱۵-۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ‪P. veruculatus ....‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۴-۲۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ‪۱۱ .....‬‬

‫‪ .۱۱‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۳۰-۲۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ )ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻﹰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲۷‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬

‫‪ ۷-۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻧـﻮﻙﺗﻴـﺰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ( ‪۱۶ .....‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‪P. neoamblycephalus .‬‬

‫‪ .۱۷‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫـﺎ ‪ ۷۵-۵۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜـﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ )‪ (punctation‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﻣـﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪P. colinus .....‬‬

‫ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩﻫــﺎ ‪ ۸۸-۷۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜـﻮﻝ ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ‬‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪P. idalimus ......‬‬

‫‪ .۱۸‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪ ۶۶-۴۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪P. straeleni .....‬‬

‫ ﺍﺳـــﺘﺎﻳﻠﺖ ﻣـــﺎﺩﻩﻫـــﺎ ‪ ۹۷-۷۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳـــﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬‫ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ‪۱۹ .....‬‬ ‫‪۱۵۵‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ / ۴۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / ۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۷-۱۵۶ :۱۳۹۲‬‬

‫‪ .۱۹‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﺰ ‪.....‬‬ ‫‪P. paraperaticus‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ‬

‫‪P. peraticus .....‬‬

‫‪۱۵۶‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ )‪ (49-52‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

Iran. J. Plant Path., Vol. 49, No. 2, 2013: 49-52

SOME SPECIES OF Paratylenchus (NEMATODA: TYLENCHULIDAE) FROM IRAN

R. GHADERI * and A. KAREGAR

1

(Received : 5.5.2012; Accepted : 2.1.2013)

Abstract After studying of the plant parasitic nematodes, collected from different plants and regions of Iran, seven species belong to Paratylenchus, including P. arculatus, P. colinus, P. conicephalus, P. neoprojectus, P. similis, P. straeleni and P. veruculatus were identified. Among them, P. colinus, P. neoprojectus and P. veruculatus are new records for Iranian nematode fauna that full description of them and also that of P. straeleni were given. These species were collected and identified from different hosts and localities as follows: P. colinus from the rhizosphere of apple trees in Divandareh, Kurdistan province, P. neoprojectus from both shade-trees in Tabriz and apricot seedlings in Sanandej, and P. veruculatus from sugarcane fields of Khuzestan province. Furthermore, a dichotomous key for identification of Iranian species of this genus was presented.

Keywords: Plant parasitic nematodes, key, Paratylenchus, Gracilacus, Paratylenchinae.

See Persian text for figures and tables (Pages ۱۳۷-۱۵۶).

*: Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] 1. PhD. Student and Assoc. prof. of Plant Pathol., College of Agric., Shiraz Univ., Shiraz, Iran.

49

Ghaderi and Karegar: Some species of Paratylenchus …

References ABIVARDI, C. 1970. Occurrence of Paratylenchus hamatus on citrus in Iran and its sensivity to two nematicides under laboratory conditions. Plant Dis. Rep. 54: 1085-1088. ALI RAMAJI, F., POURJAM, E. and KAREGAR, A. 2006. Identification of plant parasitic nematodes from order Tylenchida of some field crops in Jiroft and Kahnoj regions. Proc. 17th Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Tehran, Iran, 485 (Abst.). ANDERSON, R.V. and KIMPINSKI, J. 1977. Paratylenchus labiosus n. sp. (Nematoda: Paratylenchidae) from Canada. Can. J. Zoo. 55: 1992-1996. ANDRÀSSY, I. 2007. Free-living nematodes of Hungary, II (Nematoda errantia). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary. 496 pp. BAADL, S., MAHDIKHANI MOGHADAM, E. and ROUHANI, H. 2010. Identification of plant parasitic nematodes in rapeseed fields in North Khorasan province. Proc. 19th Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Tehran, Iran, 552(Abst.). BAJAJ, H.K. 1987. On the species of Paratylenchus Micoletzky (Nematoda: Criconematina) from Haryana, India. Indian J. Nematol. 17: 318-326. BAROOTI, S. 1981. Record of two species of nematodes from Iran. Appl. Ent. and Phytopathol. 49: 27-30 [103-106], (In Farsi with English Summary). BAROOTI, S. 1987. A list of plant parasitic nematodes of Iran (collected between 1956 to 1986). Monograph P.P.D.R. Institute. 34 pp. BAROOTI, S. 1998. The plant nematode fauna of cultivated soil of East-Azarbaijan, Ardabil and Moghan. Appl. Ent. and Phytopathol. 66: 32-35 [79-98], (In Farsi with English Summary). BAROOTI, S., KHEIRI, A. and BABAJANI, G. 2000. Three species of plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchida) new for nematode fauna of Iran. Proc. 14th Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Isfahan, Iran, 390(Abst.). BROWN, G.L. 1959. Three new species of the genus Paratylenchus from Canada (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 26: 1-8. BRZESKI, M.W. 1995. Paratylenchinae: morphology of some known species and descriptions of Gracilacus bilineata sp. n. and G. vera sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae). Nematologica 41: 535-565. BRZESKI, M.W. 1998. Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and temperate Europe. Warszawa, Poland, Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii PAN. 397 pp. BRZESKI, M.W. and HANEL, L. 1999. Paratylenchinae: postembryonic developmental stages of Paratylenchus straeleni (De Coninck, 1931) and P. steineri Golden, 1961 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae). Nematology 1: 673-680. BRZESKI, M.W. and HANEL, L. 2000. Paratylenchinae: evaluation of diagnostic morpho-biometrical characters of females in the genus Paratylenchus Micoletzcy, 1922 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae). Nematology 2: 253-261. BRZESKI, M.W., HANEL, L., NICO, A.I. and CASTILLO, P. 1999. Paratylenchinae: redescription of Paratylenchus arculatus Luc & de Guiran, 1962, a new senior synonym of P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae). Nematology 1: 375-380. CHITAMBAR, J.J., BABAJANI, GH. and MINASSIAN, V. 2001. SEM observations and morphometrics of Hemicycliophora belemnis Germani & Luc, 1973 and Paratylenchus bukowinensis Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Criconematoidea) from Iran. Nematology 8: 743-751. DE GRISSE, A.T. 1969. Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques utilisées dans Létude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Meld. Rijksfacul. der landbouw. Gent 34: 351-369. DECRAEMER, W. & HUNT, D.J. 2006. Structure and classification. Pp: 3-32. In: R.N. Perry & M. Moens. (eds). Plant Nematology. CABI Pub., Wallingford, UK, DOUCET, M.E. 1994. New data on Gracilacus colina Huang & Raski, 1986 (Nemata: Criconematoidea). Fund. appl. Nematol. 17: 117-121. ESSER, R.P. 1992. A diagnostic compendium to species included in Paratylenchinae Thorne, 1949 and Tylenchocriconematinae Raski & Siddiqi, 1975 (Nematoda: Criconematoidea). Nematologica 38: 146-163.

50

Iran. J. Plant Path., Vol. 49, No. 2, 2013:49-52

FILIPJEV, I.N. 1934. Nematody vrednye I poleznye v sel’skom khozyaistve (harmful and useful nematodes in agriculture). Moscow-Leningrad. 440 pp. GERAERT, E. 1965. The genus Paratylenchus. Nematologica 11: 301-334. GHARAKHANI, A., POURJAM, E. and KAREGAR, A. 2007. Some plant parasitic nematodes (Criconematoidea and Longidoridae) in Kerman Province orchards. Iran. J. Plant Pathol. 43: 135139 [372-397]. (In Farsi with English Summary). HUANG, C.S. and RASKI, D.J. 1986. Four new species of Gracilacus Raski. 1962 (Criconematoidea: Nemata). Revue Nématol. 9: 347-356. JABBARI, H., NIKNAM, G., PANAHANDEH, J. and BOLAND NAZAR, S. 2006. Study on the biodiversity of plant parasitic nematodes (Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936) in vegetable fields of Tabriz. Proc. 17th Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Tehran, Iran. 209(Abst.). JAHANSHAHI, M., POURJAM, E. and KHEIRI, A. 2006. Tylenchs associated with Jiroft orchards and a description of four newly found species for the nematode fauna of Iran. Iran. J. Agric. Sci. 37: 18 [529-543]. (In Farsi with English Summary). KAREGAR, A., GERAERT, E. and KHEIRI, A. 1995. Tylenchs associated with grapevine in the province of Hamadan, Iran. Med. Fac. Landbouw. Univ. Gent, 47th. Pp: 1063-1086. KASHI, L., KAREGAR, A. and KHEIRI, A. 2009. Paratylenchus paraperaticus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) found in the rhizosphere of walnut trees in Hamadan province, Iran. Nematology 11:641-647. KHAN, E., PRASAD, S.K. and MATHUR, V.K. 1967. Two new species of the genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from India. Nematologica 13: 79-84. KHEIRI, A. 1972. Plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchida) from Iran. Biol. J. Dodonea 40: 224-239. LUC, M. and DE GUIRAN, G. 1962. Deux nouveaux Paratylenchus (Nematoda-Criconematidae) de Cote D’ivoire. Nematologica 7: 133-138. MAGGENTI, A.R., LUC, M., RASKI, D.J., FORTUNER, R. and GERAERT, E. 1988. A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata) 11. List of generic and supra-generic taxa, with their junior synonyms. Revue Nématol. 11: 177-188. MICOLETZKY, H. 1922. Die Freilebenden Erd-Nematoden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin A. 87: 1650. NGUYEN, C.N., BALDWIN, J.G. & CHOI, Y.E. 2004. New records of Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Paratylenchinae) from Viet Nam with description of Paratylenchus laocaiensis sp. n. J. Nem. Morph. Sys. 7, 51-75. NIKNAM, G. and KHEIRI, A. 1997. Identification of plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchida) of Moghan Agrobusiness Corporation farms. Agri. Sci. 7: 32 [1-32]. (In Farsi with English Summary). NOURI, S., KHEIRI, A. and KAREGAR, A. 2004. Identification of plant parasitic nematodes fauna (Tylenchida) of fruit trees in Zanjan region. Proc. 16th Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Tabriz, Iran, 434(Abst.). PRAMODINI, M., MOHILAL, N. and DHANACHAND, CH. 2006. Gracilacus vitecus sp. n. and record of G. raskii Phukan & Sanwal from Manipur, India. Ind.J. Nematol. 36: 272-276. RASKI, D.J. & LUC, M. 1987. A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 10. The superfamily Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936. Revue Nématol. 10: 409-444. RASKI, D.J. 1962. Paratylenchidae n. fam. with descriptions of five new species of Gracilacus n. g. and an emendation of Cacopaurus Thorne, 1943, Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 and Criconematidae Thorne, 1943. Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 29, 189-207. RASKI, D.J. 1975. Revision of the genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 and descriptions of new species. Part I of three parts. J. Nematol. 7, 15-34. RASKI, D.J. 1976. Revision of the genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 and descriptions of new species. Part III of three parts-Gracilacus. J. Nematol. 8: 97-115. RASKI, D.J. 1991. Tylenchulidae in agricultural soils. Pp: 761-794. In: W.R. Nickle. (Ed.). Manual of agricultural nematology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA,

51

Ghaderi and Karegar: Some species of Paratylenchus …

SIDDIQI, M.R. 2000. Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. 2nd ed., CABI Pub., Wallingford, UK, 833 p. SOLOV’VA, G.I. 1975. Parasitic Nematodes of Woody and Herbaceous Plants, a Review of the Genus Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Amerind Pub., New Delhi, India. 134 p. Sturhan, D. 1977. First record of the Persian sessile nematode Cacopaurus pestis in Iran. Nematol. Med. 5: 125-126. TANHA MAAFI, Z. and KHEIRI, A. 1999. Some nematodes parasites of citrus in Hormozgan province. Proc. 9th Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Mashhad, Iran, 180(Abst.). TAYLOR, A.L. 1936. The genera and species of the Criconematinae a subfamily of the Anguillulidae (Nematoda). Trans. Amer. Microb. Soc. 55: 391-421. THORNE, G. 1949. On the classification of the Tylenchida, new order (Nematoda: Phasmidia). Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 16: 37-73. VAN DEN BERG, E., ESKANDARI, A., TIEDT, L.R. and KAREGAR, A. 2011. Paratylenchus conicephalus sp. n. from Iran with notes on P. similis Khan, Prasad & Mathur, 1967 (Nematoda: Paratylenchinae). Nematology 13: 529-537. WHITHEAD, A. G. and HEMMING, J. R. 1965. A comparison of some Quantitative methods of extracting vermiform nematodes from soil. Annu. Appl. Bio. 55: 25-38. YU WU, L. 1962. Paratylenchus veruculatus n. sp. (Criconematidae: Nematoda) from Scotland. Can. J. Zoo. 40: 773-775. YU WU, L. and HAWN, E.J. 1975. Paratylenchus neoprojectus n. sp. (Paratylenchinae: Nematoda) from alfalfa fields in Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Zoo. 53: 1841-1843. YU WU, L. and TOWNSHEND, J.L. 1973. Paratylenchus tateae n. sp. (Paratylenchinae, Nematoda). Can. J. Zoo. 51:109-111.

52

View publication stats