Spade (Marduk)

Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication Last Revision: 23 April 2009 Spade I. Intro ductio n. Divine symbol. The s., Akk. marru, Sum. GIŠ.MAR (see CAD 10:287), depicted with a long handle and triangular blade, represents the Mesopotamian god →Marduk. The s. as a divine symbol is first attested on Old Babylonian legal documents (RITTIG 1987–1990: 372; CHARPIN 1980: 142; SOMMERFELD 1982: 55; GRONEBERG 2004: 86). Iconographically it first appears on Old Babylonian cylinder seals from the reign of Samsu– iluna (1749–1712), son of Hammurapi (COLLON 1986: 54). An inscription on a Kassite kudurru (1*) identifies it as symbol of Marduk: the surface of the blade bears the Sum. term for Marduk, dAMAR.UTU (SEIDL 1988: 29; HERLES 2006: 46). The s. was also occasionally used as symbol of the Mesopotamian god →Nabu, who has close relations to Marduk (GRONEBERG 2004: 120; HERLES 2006: 239f). Similarities between images of incense burners and s.s has frequently led to confusion, particularly concerning images on cylinder seals (2 6, 66; SEIDL 1989: 117; MATTHEWS 1990: 65, n. 101; see also →Apkall u 34). The meaning and function of the s. as symbol for Marduk are unknown, but may reflect an origin of the god as a primal local agricultural deity (BLACK/GREEN 1992: 129; ORNAN 2005: 46). II. Typol ogy II.1. P henot ype s 1. BASIC (1–18 *) 2. WITH CROSSBEAM (19–42) 3. WITH GLOBE AND PIKE (4 3–57) 4. TASSELED (58– 78) 1. B ASIC . Depictions of s.s are exten-

sively harmonized and differ from each other only in details. The listed phenotypes can all be tracked back to a basic type, consisting of an upright standing handle of narrowed or broadened shape and a triangular blade (1–1 8*). Variations of this elementary form range from tapered to rounded, and from blank to framed blades. The position of the s. can vary but, unlike the →stylus of →Nabu, it is always represented upright. The s. stands directly on the ground (2–3, 15 , 18 *), above an artificial baseline (1 0, 1 6), on pedestals and stands (1*, 4–6 , 12), atop the back of a crouching →Mushushu (13–14*), or in the field without any contact with other objects (7–9, 11). On a Kassite kudurru from Susa the blade of the s. bears a cuneiform inscription (1*). 2. W ITH C ROS SBEAM . A variant of the basic s. has an elongated small handle and a horizontal crossbeam situated directly beneath the blade (1 9–42). The shape of

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the crossbeam can be small and short (21– 23, 25–3 1, 3 4, 36–3 7*, 3 9–41), bulging (19–20, 24 , 3 3, 35, 42), or even duplicated (38). Depending on style and technique of seal cutting, the blade of the s. appears blank or as a framed hollow triangle (23, 29, 31 , 3 5, 37*–3 8). S.s with crossbeams appear primarily on cylinder and stamp seals of Babylonian or Assyrian provenance, but depictions are also attested on seals from Palestine/Israel and Jordan (34–38, 40–41). 3. W ITH GLOBE AND PIKE . A couple of very roughly cut Neo–Babylonian stamp seals of conical and pyramidal shape bear another variant of the basic s. (43–5 7): the handle is elongated but extremely slight in shape, and its upper end is reduced to a sharp pike. A globe is situated in the middle of the upper third of the handle (4 7*). The s. with globe and pike always appears together with a simple double rod →stylus on a pedestal in front of a worshipper. Usually the s. is also surrounded by a →star, →crescent, or →winged disk (44–47 *, 51–53, 55–5 7). A flattened conoid with Aramaic inscription depicts a pedestal with s. and stylus in front of the god →Sin in a crescent above a plant (5 4; see also BORDREUIL 1993: 95f). 4. T ASS ELED . The tasseled s. represents the most elaborate phenotype and consists of an elongated handle, a triangular blade, and tassels situated directly beneath the top on each side (58–78). The tassels are represented as ribbons, fringes, globes, or beads. The shape of the handle is broad, its surface blank or chevron decorated (64, 71*–72). A Neo–Assyrian cylinder seal indicates that the handle of the tasseled s. was completely wrapped in textile, the fringy tassels being the upper ends of a strip of cloth, bandaging the whole handle in chevrons (71*). Depictions of tasseled s.s appear primarily on Neo–Assyrian cylinder seals, stelae, and rock sculptures from at least the end of the 9th cent. to the later part of the 6th cent. The meaning of the tassels is unknown; they perhaps symbolized oath taking and visualized the Akk. term riksu (band, bond, ritual arrangement; see also SEIDL 2000: 93f; CAD 14: 91–105, 347– 355). II.2. A ssociatio ns 1. ASSOCIATED WITH D EITIES/D EMONS: 1.1. Nabu (4–5, 10 , 1 2–16 , 22, 2 4–25 , 27–3 9, 41–6 1, 63– 76, 7 8) 1.2. Sin (23–5 4, 74 , 76–7 8) 1.3. Ea/Enki (2, 4, 7 , 1 9, 21) 1.4. Adad (8, 28 , 3 7, 58–5 9) 1.5. Nusku (40, 43, 4 7) 1.6. Warrior Deities (12 , 62–6 6, 68–69 , 7 1) 1.7. Others (1, 6–15 , 1 8, 2 0, 22, 25– 31, 3 6–39 , 4 1–50, 58–7 1) 2 ASSOCIATED WITH ANIMALS : Mushushu (13–14, 17 , 23 , 26–2 7, 29– 30, 3 2–33 , 36–3 7, 4 0, 5 5, 5 7, 64–65, 7 0, 7 2, 7 4, 78) 3. ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANS: 3.1. Worshipper

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Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication Last Revision: 23 April 2009 (12–1 6, 2 3–31, 33, 35–3 8, 4 0–53 , 55–5 7, 7 0, 73, 75–7 6, 78), 3.2. King (7–9, 11) 1. A SSOCIATED WITH D EITIE S /D E MONS

1.1. Nab u. The s. is usually depicted alongside the →stylus of →Nabu on cylinder seals and on nearly every Assyrian and Babylonian stamp seal (10 , 12–16, 2 2, 24–25, 27–39 , 41–57, 63–66 , 70–7 8), but also appears together with the stylus on kudurrus, stelae, and rock sculptures (4–6, 58–59, 61 ; ORNAN 2005: 47). The first depictions of a s. together with the →stylus on a common pedestal date to the 9th cent. (WITTMANN 1992: 230). 1.2. Sin. On some cylinder and stamp seals of Babylonian and Levantine provenance, the s. appears in front of anthropomorphic →Sin standing in a →crescent (2 3, 54, 74), or alongside the standard of Sin together with other divine symbols (76– 78). 1.3. Ea/ Enk i. The ram–headed staff of →Ea/Enki appears together with a s. on some kudurrus (2, 4, 19, 21) and rarely on cylinder seals (7). 1.4. Adad. Less frequently the s. is associated with the →lightning of →Adad (8, 28, 37 *, 58–5 9). On many stamp seals the s. of →Marduk, the →stylus of →Nabu, and the lightning of Adad are represented side by side in front of a worshipper. Unlike the s. and the stylus, the lightning is positioned right beside the pedestal or the Mushushu, although not directly on it (2 8, 37*). 1.5. Nu sk u. A few stamp seals from Babylonia and Jordan depict the s. on a pedestal and the →lamp of the god →Nusku right beside it (47*). 1.6. Warri or deities. On a couple of Assyrian cylinder seals the s. appears behind or between an armed male and female anthropomorphic deity of uncertain identity. A Neo–Assyrian cylinder seal shows the male deity in front of a s. and a stylus on elaborate, paneled stands, wearing a sword and holding a mace with a beaded handle. The female deity holds a beaded circle with star–tipped rays encircling her body (71*; see also HERBORDT 1992: 112). The deities may also hold axes, beaded rings, or an arch (12, 6 2–66, 68–6 9; COLLON 2001: 130). 1.7. Othe rs. Depictions of s.s with other deities or divine symbols are less frequent. On a kudurru from Susa (1*) the s. appears alongside a →scorpion and the symbol of the god Zababa (BLACK/GREEN 1992: 187). Old Babylonian cylinder seals depict the s. alongside or above a crook (7), the symbol of the god →Amurru. Furthermore, a s. can be placed next to →Lakhmu

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(14*), a suppliant goddess (7, 9), girtablullu (65), or another minor deity. On a Neo-Assyrian cylinder seal from Dor s.s. flank a master-of-winged-bulls (18*). On numerous kudurrus, stelae, and seals, the s. is flanked by distinct →astral symbols such as a →star and →crescent or winged disk (6, 10–1 5, 22, 27–3 1, 37*–38, 41–4 2, 47*, 50, 7 1*). 2. A SSOCIATED WITH ANIMAL S 2.1. Mu sh ushu On seals the s. is usually placed on the back of a crouching Mushushu (1 3–14, 23, 26–27 , 29–3 0, 32–33, 3 6–37, 40 , 55, 57 , 6 4–65 , 7 0, 72, 7 4, 7 8), which is associated with Marduk. An exceptional but only partly preserved incense burner from Babylon shows two symmetrically composed Mushushu standing on their hind legs and holding an erected s. with both hands (1 7*). 3. A SSOCIATED WITH HUMAN S 3.1. Wo rshippe r Depictions of a worshipper facing a pedestal with the s., usually on the back of a →Mushushu and accompanied by the →stylus, are very common on seals of the late Neo–Assyrian and, above all, the Neo–Babylonian period (37*, 47 *). A bearded man dressed in a long robe is represented standing, with arms raised in front of a s. and stylus. Most seals are cut in cursory techniques (15–16 , 35, 3 8, 40– 57), but qualitative depictions of the worship scene are also preserved (1 2–13 , 15– 16, 23–31). A Neo–Assyrian cylinder seal shows a midget worshipper standing on top of the horns of a Mushushu and turning toward the comparatively monumental s. and stylus (1 4*) inside a frame, flanked by →Lakhmu on each side. 3.2. K ing. Particularly on Old Babylonian (7–9) but also Neo–Assyrian (11) cylinder seals, the s. appears in a standard theme: the king with a mace before a suppliant goddess. Between or behind them is a s., sometimes accompanied by other divine symbols, animals, or minor deities. III. S ource s III.1. Chr onol ogical range. The earliest depiction of the s. dates to the Old Babylonian period (18th–17th cent.) and appears on cylinder seals (7–9 ; COLLON 1986: 54). The majority of objects represent the first two phenotypes. The same phenotypes are also predominant on kudurrus and cylinder seals of the Kassite period (16th– 12th cent.; 1*–5 ; HERLES 2006: no. 349– 354). The s. and other Babylonian divine symbols penetrate the Assyrian imagery at least from the late 9th cent. onward (ORNAN 2005: 149f), appearing on seals, stelae, and rock sculptures (6, 1 0–15 , 18*–2 0, 2 1, 27–28, 3 0–32, 3 4, 36 , 3 9, 41 , 5 5, 58–

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Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication Last Revision: 23 April 2009 78). In the Neo–Babylonian period (6th cent.) stamp seals with a worshipper facing a pedestal with s. and stylus become a mass product, dominating the Mesopotamian imagery and spreading quickly into peripheral regions (16, 25 , 33 , 3 7*–38 , 4 0, 42–53, 74). In the Achaemenid period, depictions of s.s become rare, but many impressions from the Murashu archive in Nippur and some Achaemenid cylinder seals and seal impressions from Persepolis (26, 57) present a worshipper facing pedestals surmounted by a s. and other divine symbols (BREGSTEIN 1993: 82ff). III.2. Geo grap hical d ist ribu tion. More than half of the items discussed in this lemma are without recorded provenance. The iconography of the s. comes from Babylonia, and most provenanced objects were found in cities like Babylon, Nippur, and Uruk (5, 17*, 4 2). Beyond Mesopotamia images of s.s were found in Persepolis (39, 57) and Susa in Iran (1*, 3), as well as in some sites in Syria (30, 67) , Jordan (40–41, 52*–5 3, 77), and Palestine/Israel (18*, 3 4–38, 7 8; HÜBNER 1993: 114; ORNAN 1993: 63f). III.3. O bject type s. Like most Mesopotamian divine symbols, designations of the s. are preserved on a limited range of object types. The s. regularly appears on stamp seals in the shape of cones, pyramids, or scaraboids, predominantly microcrystalline quartzes and garnets like chalcedony, cornaline, agate, and jasper (1 5–17* , 27– 38, 40–57, 7 2–78). Shapes and materials of these seals are characteristic of Mesopotamian stamp seals of the 1st mill. and also appeared in Iran, Syria, Palestine, and Jordan. On cylinder seals the s. appears much less frequently (7–14 *, 18 *, 2 2–26 , 39, 62–71*). Further depictions of s.s are preserved on Babylonian kudurrus from the 12th to the 9th cent. (1*–5 , 19–2 1) (SEIDL 1989: 119f), Neo–Assyrian stone stelae (6, 58, 6 0*–61), and Neo–Assyrian rock sculptures (59; BACHMANN 1927: 21). The stelae were erected in different cities inside the Neo–Assyrian empire between Assur and Zincirli (6 0*). Depictions on other objects, such as in the case of an incense burner from Kassite Babylon, are very rare (17*). IV. Conc lusion. The s. belongs to the most common divine symbols of the 1st mill. in Mesopotamia and beyond. It reflects the importance of the god Marduk and the impact of the Babylonian pantheon on other regions. From its first occurrence to the very last known depiction, the phenotypes of s.s stay relatively homogenous. The s. appears independently as well as associated with

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other deities, demons, and divine symbols of Mesopotamian provenance. From Babylonia the s. reached the neighboring regions through stamp seals, which became a mass product during the Neo–Babylonian period. V. Cata logue 1* Kudurru, limestone, 18* x 12 cm, Susa, 1188–1174. Paris, Louvre Museum, SB 3224. SEIDL 1989: no. 29, pl. 13b 2 Kudurru, reddish stone, 1345–1189. SEIDL 1989: no. 9 3 Kudurru, limestone, Susa, 1173–1161. SEIDL 1989: no. 41 4 Kudurru, limestone, 1068–1047. SEIDL 1989: no. 90a+b 5 Kudurru, limestone, Nippur, 1125–1104. SEIDL 1989: no. 68 6 Stela, basalt, Sabaa, 807–806. BÖRKER–K LÄHN 1982: no. 163 7 Cylinder seal, haematite, 1800–1600. COLLON 1986: no. 231 8 Cylinder seal, haematite, 1800–1600. COLLON 1986: no. 95 9 Cylinder seal, haematite, 1800–1600. COLLON 1986: no. 278 10 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 800–700. COLLON 2001: no. 140 11 Cylinder seal, carnelian, 900–800. COLLON 2001: no. 148 12 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 800–700. COLLON 2001: no. 254 13 Cylinder seal, jasper, 720–620. COLLON 2001: no. 280 14* Cylinder seal, opal, 41.6 x 16 mm, 820–770. Fribourg, University of Fribourg, Collection Bible+Orient, VR 1981.113. KEEL–LEU/T EISSIER 2004: no. 230 15 Conoid, limestone, 800– 600. KEEL–L EU 1991: no. 143 16 Conoid, chalcedony, 620– 539. PITTMAN 1987: no. 75 17* Incense burner (fragmentary), clay, Babylon, 1500–1200. REUTHER 1926: pl. 7a 18* Cylinder seal, granite, Dor, 720-600. Place, Institution, Inv.no. STERN 1994: fig. 81 19 Kudurru, diorite, 886–855. SEIDL 1989: no. 96 20 Kudurru, black stone, 851–824. SEIDL 1989: no. 100 21 Kudurru, marble, 721–710. SEIDL 1989: no. 107 22 Cylinder seal, opal, 1000–800. KEEL–L EU/T EISSIER 2004: no. 139 23 Cylinder seal, sardonyx, 700–500. COLLON 2001: no. 228 24 Cylinder seal, chalcedony. VON DER O STEN 1957: no. 332 25 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 620–539. PORADA 1948: no. 782 26 Cylinder seal, sardonyx, 540–500. CURTIS/T ALLIS 2005: no. 208 27 Conoid, grey stone, 900–600. JAKOB–ROST 1997: no. 240 28 Conoid, agate, 900–600. JAKOB–ROST 1997: no. 242 29 Conoid, agate, 600–500. KEEL–LEU 1991: no. 152 30 Conoid, chalcedony, 700–600. NUNN 1999: no. 375 31 Conoid, jasper, 800–600. DELAPORTE 1910: no. 596 32 Conoid, chalcedony, 800–600. DELAPORTE 1910: no. 620c 33 Pyramidal stamp seal, chalcedony, 620–539. VON DER O STEN 1957: no. 136 34 Conoid, greenstone facies, 700–600. KEEL– LEU 191: no. 145 35 Conoid, chalcedony, 700–500. AVIGAD/S ASS 1997: no. 774 36 Conoid, chalcedony, 700–600. AVIGAD/S ASS 1997: no. 778 37* Conoid, chalcedony, 20 x 19 x 26 mm, 620–539. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, De Clerq Collection 267. AVIGAD/S ASS 1997: no. 806 38 Conoid, chalcedony, 620–539. AVIGAD/S ASS 1997: no. 825 39 Cylinder seal, faience, 700–600. PITTMAN 1978: no. 77 40 Conoid, chalcedony, Amman, 620–539. EGGLER/K EEL 2006: ˓Amman no. 49 41 Conoid, marble, Tall al–Mazar, 700–600. EGGLER/K EEL 2006: Tall al–Mazar no. 14 42 Stamp seal impression, clay, Uruk, 555–539. EHRENBERG 1999: no. 39 43 Conoid, chalcedony, 620–539. VOLLENWEIDER 1967: no. 84 44 Conoid, chalcedony, 620–539. VOLLENWEIDER 1967: no. 83 45 Pyramidal stamp seal, chalcedony, 620–539. VON DER O STEN 1957: no. 137 46 Pyramidal stamp seal, chalcedony, 620–539. VON DER OSTEN 1957: no. 139 47* Pyramidal stamp seal, greyish chert, 32.5 x 24 x 17.5 mm, 620–539. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Morgan 299. PORADA 1948: no. 804 48 Conoid, chalcedony, 620–539. JAKOB–ROST 1997: no. 255 49 Pyramidal stamp seal, chalcedony, 620–539. BUCHANAN/M OOREY 1988: no. 384 50 Pyramidal stamp seal, chalcedony, 620–539. BUCHANAN/MOOREY 1988: no. 380 51 Pyramidal stamp seal, chalcedony, 620–539. BUCHANAN/M OOREY 1988: no. 385 52* Conoid, quartz, 20.8 x 14.3 x 29.2 mm, Amman, 620–539. Amman, Jordan Archaeological Museum, J 1194. EGGLER/K EEL 2006: ˓Amman no. 3 53 Conoid, chalcedony, Meqabelein, 620–539. EGGLER/K EEL 2006: Meqabelein no. 1 54 Conoid, jasper, 600–500. AVIGAD/S ASS 1997: no. 848 55 Conoid, chalcedony, 700–600. AVIGAD/S ASS 1997: no. 1110 56 Conoid, agate, 600–500. KEEL–LEU 1991: no. 153 57 Stamp seal impression, clay, Persepolis, 500–331. SCHMIDT 1957: pl. 13:PT4 774 58 Stela, marble, Tell al–Rimah, 806. BÖRKER–K LÄHN 1982: no. 164 59 Rock sculpture, limestone, Bawian, 689–681. BACHMANN 1927: 21. BÖRKER–K LÄHN 1982: no. 189–199 60* Stela, dolerite, 3.18 x 1.35 m, Zincirli, 671–669. Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum, VA 2078. BÖRKER–K LÄHN 1982: no. 219 61 Stela, alabaster, Tell Abta, 780–770. BÖRKER–KLÄHN 1982: no. 232 62 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 900–700. PORADA 1948: no. 696 63 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 900–700. MOORTGAT 1966: no. 596 64 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 900– 700. MOORTGAT 1966: no. 598 65 Cylinder seal, chalcedony,

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Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication Last Revision: 23 April 2009 900–700. MOORTGAT 1966: no. 599 66 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 820–780. COLLON 2001: no. 203 67 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, Al Mina, 720–700. COLLON 2001: no. 204 68 Cylinder seal, rock crystal, 800–750. COLLON 2001: no. 244 69 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 800–750. COLLON 2001: no. 250 70 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 800–750. COLLON 2001: no. 257 71* Cylinder seal, agate, 36.5 x 19 mm, 729–700. London, British Museum, WA 89810, CURTIS/READE 1995: no. 187 72 Conoid, serpentine, 730–700. PORADA 1948: no. 789c 73 Conoid, chalcedony, 700–600. DELAPORTE 1910: no. 555b 74 Conoid, chalcedony, 620–539. NUNN 1999: no. 374 75 Conoid, brown stone, 700–600. AVIGAD/SASS 1997: no. 826 76 Conoid, carnelian, 700–600. AVIGAD/SASS 1997: no. 845 77 Scaraboid, limestone, Tawilan, 720–600. EGGLER/K EEL 2006: Tawilan no. 2 78 Conoid, limestone, Tell Keisan, 700. KEEL 1980: no. 24 VI. Selec ted b ibl iography SEIDL 1989 • HERLES 2006 • ORNAN 2005

Nils C. Ritter

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