Trina tempestas (Carmina Einsidlensia 2.33)

Department of the Classics, Harvard University TRINA TEMPESTAS (CARMINA EINSIDLENSIA 2.33) Author(s): Radosław Piętka Source: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 105 (2010), pp. 177-187 Published by: Department of the Classics, Harvard University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41429146 Accessed: 01-04-2015 09:29 UTC

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TRINA TEMPESTAS ( CARMINA EINSIDLENSIA

2.33)

Radoslaw Рщтка Sed procula nobisinfelixgloriaSullae , morienscumRomasupremas trinaquetempestas et desperavitopes Martiavendiditarma.1 2.32-34 Carmina Einsidlensia twoanonymous bucolics(sometimesattributed to Lucan)fromthe Of reignofNerothatare preservedin theCodexEinsidlensis collection, the second deals withthe "goldenage" and is reminiscent ofVirgil's Fourth , withdirectquotationsfromthetext.Suchan association Eclogue Einsidlense suggeststhatthe secondCarmen belongsto the "Sibylline" streamin Romanliterature,and its readershouldbe well versedin as wellas in sometypicalnotions propheticschemesand conventions, ofthatliterature ). (e.g.saeculum In addition,one can identify references to othersubjects,frequently in Roman that are connectedwitha critical literature, represented timeoftransformation, an era ofa transitionfromrepublicto autocto the racy.Amongthesethemesis,forinstance,a polemicalreference of whose nickname Felix is cast into doubt: Sulla's Sulla, legend gloriais an infelix A similar in observation can also be found Lucan's Bellum glory. Civile(2.221-222),whichwouldprovetheaffinity ofbothtexts. Irrespectiveof some textualproblemsthatthe last ofthe quoted versesposes,specialattention shouldbe paidto thetermtrinatempestas , whichhas been interpreted in as manyas threedifferent before ways now. The firstinterpretation, proposedby Housman,assumes that I amgreatly indebted tothejournal's editor andanonymous referee forvaluable instyle andargumentation. improvements 1Text after: Giarratano 1973:107.

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was The wordtempestas to the SecondTriumvirate.2 thisis a reference or catasin thiscontextand meansa misfortune used metaphorically trophe.Literarydescriptionsofthe disastrouseffectsof the reignof a "three-headedmonster," the Triumvirate, mayto a certainextent thistheory. substantiate ErnstBickel,who discussedthe eclogue at lengtha fewdecades thatthe"tripletempest"is an allusionto later,commentedarbitrarily threewatershedeventsinthehistoryofRome: • thecrossingoftheRubiconbyCaesar(49 ВС), • theMutinewarand proscriptions (43 ВС), • thePerusineWar(40 ВС).3 to understand.The onlyexplanationoffered Such a choiceis difficult by Bickelis thatthe threetempestuouseventsshouldbe located in Italy,because the authorofthebucolictalksabout"Romein despair." as we mayeasily the argumentseemsto be irrelevant, Nevertheless, assumethat"Rome"in the givencontextmeansnot onlythe Italian we can observethatthe capital,but the whole empire.Additionally, eventsenumeratedby Bickeltookplace withinone decade and seem to illustratethe gradualconsolidationofthe Caesarean,quasi-monarchicideas in Rome,sincethemainpersonsinvolvedwereJuliusCaesar himselfand hisheirs,MarcusAntoniusand Octavian. A similareffortto containthe "tripletempest"withina ten-year period,thistimeconnectedwiththe activityofSulla,was undertaken ofNeronianbucolics,RaoulVerdière. bythe editorand commentator His observationson the secondbucolicofthe CodexEinsidlensis posturefersto the captureof Romeby late thatthe phrasetrinatempestas Octavianum Sullain 88 ВС,thenthebellum (or the"OctavianWar"instiwith the Gnaeus Octavius)along captureofRomebyCinnaand gatedby in intervention Marius 87,and another bySullain 82.4Thisviewseems 2 Cf.Housman toboththetriumviThattrina 1910:47. tempestas maybeanallusion is Shackleton 1982:126 1954:269. toinhiscommentary rates isreferred Bailey byVerdière idea. rather ofHousman's skeptical 3 Cf.Bickel 1954:208. 4 Cf.Verdière inanother textonthis Anenigmatic canbefound remark 1954:269. theauthor theabovearticle 1985:1880. prombyBickel, Discussing byVerdière subject later ofthe"triple themystery isestounravel on,butpage1883(indicated by tempest" ofthepromise) thefulfilment infootnote 202onpage1880 asa placefor Verdière regret-

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to havegainedapproval.5Suchan insightmade it possibleto combine the pictureofthreetempestuouseventswiththe nameof Sulla in the precedingverse.WhilethetextsbyAppian(В Civ.1.74),Plutarch(Mar. 44; Sert.5), and Orosius(5.19.19and 5.19.24)quotedbyVerdièredo not seem to elucidatemuch,it was ShackletonBaileywho laterprovided , mentions appropriateexplanations:6Cicero,in the EighthPhilippic as a whole, the them the three civil wars of eighties,treating precisely to be differentiated fromthe subsequentarmedconflictsspawnedby Caesarand fromthenewwarwithAntonius: Utrumhoc bellum non est, an etiam tantumbellum, quantumnumquamfuit?Ceterisenimbellis,maximeque civilibus,contentionemrei publicaecausa faciebat.Sulla cum Sulpiciode iurelegum,quas per vimSulla latas esse dicebat,CinnacumOctaviode novorumciviumsuffragiis, rursus cum Mario et Carbone Sulla, ne dominarentur indigni,et ut clarissimorumhominumcrudelissimam песет. poeniretur Philè8.7 An importanttestimonyis provided also by Florus, who, in thewarsofSulla,uses themetaphorofthe"tempest"three describing times (once applyingthe veryword that occurs in the bucolic,i.e. and saysthattheupheavalsweretriplein character: tempestas) BellumcivileMarianumsiveSullanum, tribus ,utsicdixerim, sideribus agitatumest.[...]ScipioneNorbanoqueconsulibus tertius illeturbocivilisinsaniaetotofuroredetonuit. Flor.2.9 contains norelevant Wemayonly information. that heintended toreittably conjecture erate hisopinion from anearlier study. 5 Cf.e.g.Duff in andDuff Townend 1980:167. tothecommentary 1968:335, According theMinor Latin Poets thesituation when Marius dealtarms ,theyear87istobetiedwith totheslaves tofight onhisside,thatisMartia vendidit Similar statement canbe arma. found inVerdière 1954:269. Shackleton 1982:126 ofthree a theory Bailey putsforward wars from the80sasthemost solution civil that thethree ("analternative view, probable wars oftheeighties areintended, istobepreferred"). 6 Cf.Shackleton 1982:126. Bailey

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Radoslaw Piçtka Sullanatempestas latius,intraItalianitarnendetonuerat. Flor.2.13

Asa consequence,thedatesprovidedbyVerdièreseemquitewelljustinoticethatthe "tempest"in all the threecases fied.One mayfurther terms.After shouldnotbe seensolelyinmetaphorical all,a thunderbolt was one ofthe mosteloquentsignssentto Romansbythe gods.This can be seen,forinstance,in theexamplesfurnished byCiceroin theDe naturadeorum , amongwhichwe can find 2.14;a lengthylistofprodigia and tempestates , ends witha referenceto the "OctavianWar" fulmina itwas fromthetimeofSulla.The associationis byno meansfortuitous: killed in 87,duringthe bellumOctavianum that a thunderbolt , Pompey ThisacciGnaeusPompeiusStrabo.7 theGreat'sfather, themuch-hated suo to by Ciceroin the poemDe consulatu dentis mostlikelyreferred 23-24: civis ...aut cumterribili perculsusfulmine luce serenantivitalialuminaliquit? accordingto the testimonyprovidedby Plinythe Interestingly, whomCicerointroElder(HN2.138),quotingEtruscansources,Jupiter, at his duces at the onsetofhis poem,had threekindsofthunderbolt on disposal,whiletheothergodscouldwieldonlyone kind.Testimony cannotbe foundin otherauthors, the actionofthetriplethunderbolt to particular however.Thusit wouldbe hardto referthisinformation factsfromthe historyofRome,factswhichwerestillremembered by the authorwritingat the timeof Nero about the triplestorm.Since in theyear63,duringthe consulateofCicerodescribedin the poem, no similarcase ofa Romancitizenbeingstruckby a thunderbolt was in from Cicero have wanted to combine this events recorded, way may 87 (PompeiusStrabo'sfatallightning-strike) withthe dramaticevents 8 takingplace in Romein connectionwithCatiline'splotof63. In Roman historydisastersare markedby a flashfroma propheticthunderbolt. 7 Information inAppian about thiscanbefound, forinstance, (ВCiv.1.68and1.80), 1996:126-127. Plutarch l),andJulius 66a).Cf.Lewis (Pomp, Obsequens (DeProdigiis 8 Cf.Pease1919:176-177.

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It is therefore no wondercivilwarsare likenedto tempests,as in the abovebucolic. We may,however,debate whether the meaning of the trina tempestas phraseshouldbe restrictedonlyto civilwars and whether the solution suggestedby Verdièrehas any alternative.The triple patternis, afterall, also recognizablein othereventsof the timeof becausethree Sullaand thecollapseoftheRepublic;itwas presumably Attimes was seen bythe Romansas an especiallysignificant number.9 thistriplecharacterwas also associated,as we shallsee,withominous boltsoflightning. Letus startwitha well-known prophesyconcerning "threeCorneliuses"whoareto ruleRome.10 The prophesyderivesfrom the SibyllineBooks,and we knowitfromtheaccountsofa fewauthors writingabout Catiline'splot. The widerthe time span betweenthe accountand the event,the less detailedthe accountbecomes;hence, whiletheknowledgepassedon byQuintilianor Florus11 is ratherpuny, textsby Sallustand especiallyCicerofurnisha numberof intriguing details.In his BellumCatilinae , some 20 yearsafterthe eventsin question,Sallustwritesas follows: Eadem Galli fatenturac Lentulumdissimulantemcoarguuntpraeterlitterassermonibusquos ille haberesolitus erat: ex libris SibyllinisregnumRomae tribusCorneliis portendi;Cinnamatque Sullamantea,se tertiumesse quoi fatumforeturbispotiri;praetereaab incenso ilium Capitolio essevigesumum annumquem saepe ex prodigiisharuspices bellocivilicruentumfore. respondissent ВС47.2

9 Numerous instances tosupport theexistence ofsucha perception canbefound inTavenner 1916:117-143. Asregards inconnection thenumber three with theRoman seeKrauss 1930:127-128 and131. prodigies, 10Cf.Tavenner 1916:137. 11Quint. Inst.5.10.30: ...utLentulo coniurationis, quodlibris Sibyllinis haruspicumque dominatio daritribus Corneliis eum tertium essecredebat Sullam dicebatur, responsis seque post erat. Florus succinct account: (2.12)givesanevenmore Cinnamque quiaetipseCornelius Lentulus destinatum suaeSibyllinis versibus sibivaticinans adpraestitutum a familiae regnum Catilina diem urbe tota teladisponit. viros, faces,

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In the ThirdCatilinariany Cicero,whowas composinghis accounton an ongoingbasis,as it were,providedsomemoredetailedinformation on theplansoftheconspirator Lentulus,sentas an envoyto theGauls: ex fatisSibyllinis harusLentulumautemsibiconfirmasse se esse tertium ilium Cornelium , ad picumque responsis esset huius urbis atque impérium pervenire quemregnum necesse; Cinnamante se et Sullam fuisse.Eundemque huiusurbis dixissefatalemhuneannumesse ad interitum absoluesset annus decimus postvirginum atque imperii,qui autem incensionem vicesimus. tionem, postCapitoli Catě3.9 As is evident,the theoryof "threeCorneliuses"combinesthree to above,namelytheyearofCornelius eventsand threedatesreferred Cinna(87 BC/667AUC),the supremacyof CorneliusSulla (82 BC/672 AUC),and the plot of Catiline,supportedby CorneliusLentulus(63 BC/691AUC).Two of the dates tallywithVerdière'sproposedidea, to an eventthatwas combinedbyCicero whilethethirdis a reference himself,forgenerallyrecognizablepersonalreasons,withthebloody eventsoftheeighties. to The accountsbySallustand Ciceroquotedabovepoint,however, the existenceofone moretriplechronological pattern,whichtriggers a different perceptionofCicero'sobsessionwithCatilineand allowsus thecommonly ofthebucolicwritten to modify acceptedinterpretation at thetimeofNero.The eventsdescribedbyLentulusare theburning oftheCapitolat thetimeofSullain 83 and thebreakingofthevowof chastitybythevestalvirginsin 73.The year83 is a yearofa generally werebased on thecalculations predictedfallofRome.The predictions thathad as theirpointof departurethe alleged date of the ten-year Trojan War,as providedby Eratosthenes(accordingto the present and theprophesyofthe ВС),12 datingconvention1194/1193-1184/1183 of a "second ten centuries aftertheevent.13 Itwas Rome, collapse Troy," ascertainedas a resultof the contaminationof Etruscanchronology 12Cf.e.g.Burn Möller 2005:248-249, 2007:19, 86,and142. 1935:130-131, Feeney 13Onthispattern, cf.Zielinski Mashkin 1949:214. 1924:100-121,

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obtainedfromthe SibyllineBooksthata saeculum and theinformation as a consequenceof whichapocalypsewould would last 110 years,14 whichwas actuallytheyearofthe destrucoccurin theyear83 ВС,15 tion ("by fire,"as in the eschatologicaldoctrineof the Stoics) of the Capitol,the centerofRomanreligiouslife.A generaldisasterdid not occur,though;butit menacedtheRomansanyhowtenyearsafter,and subsequentlyafteranotherdecade,onlyto comeaboutin theyear63, accordingto Lentulus.HowcouldLentulus,a followerofCatiline,be so offate? sure,ifhe had twiceseen a postponement ofthe It appearsthatLentuluswas cognizantofthe circumstances postponementof doom and reckonedthat theywould never occur wereconnectedwiththedisciplina fulguralis, again.Thesecircumstances role whichplayeda significant ortheEtruscanscienceofthunderbolts, in Romandivination.16 Accordingto Censorinus(DN 17.6),Etruscans werein thehabitofrecognizingsignsthatindicatedthe adventofthe end ofthe era; othersourcespointout,however,thattheywerealso able to postponethisend. In the secondbook ofthe Quaestiones naturalesSeneca presentsnews on the subjectofthe Etruscanconceptof so-called adjourningbolts (fulmina prorogativa); theyare to indicate ominouseventswhichEtruscanharuspiceswere able to put off,in privatecases forten years and in state cases forthirty:Privataenim annum , publicaultratricesimum fulgura negantultradecimum possedifferii Thismayin all probability be seen as a triplepostpone(Q Nat.2.48).17 14Cf.Censorinus DN17.6.Varro citedheredescribes tenEtruscan erasofvarying connected with thenatural human lifespan. Thisflexibility allowed length, manipulation ofthedatesofdecisive inthehistory events ofRome, which isevident, in forinstance, thecomplicated oftheludi Inturn, saeculares. the"Sibylline history age"calculated bythe lasted 110years, which weknow from Horace's 21 Carmen saeculare quindecimviri, exactly ortheSibylline oracle cited Cf.Hall1986:2567-2569 entitled (2.6.1). byZosimos (chapter "TheEtruscan oftheSaeculum"). Ontheeschatological ofthesaeculum , Origin meaning seealsoFeeney 2007:145-148. 15Theyear671aburbe condita a Troia Atfirst those twoRoman ,1100 capta. sight, ways ofcounting incommon; theyears havenothing Zielinski believed that 2000:379, however, thetraditional dateofthefounding ofRome wasfixed on753ВСbecause itwasprecisely -440=753). four after centuries theTrojan war(1193 Sibylline 16Recently thishasbeendiscussed, Hekster others, 1997:104-109, among byReeder andRich 2006:157. 17Onthefulmina seeWeinstock 1951:137. prorogativa,

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mentbytenyears,sincea decadeis a timeunitused bytheharuspices we can combine in privatecases,too.If,as was suggestedbyZielinski,18 thistheorywiththe above-quotedstatementby Lentulus,we have a readyexplanation.The threatoftheyear83 was able to be putoffuntil 73. Thenthe cityis ravagedby anotherdisaster:VestalVirginsbreak is thattheirvirginity theirvowofchastityand it is to be remembered ofthebordersofRomeand theinvincia guaranteeoftheinviolability The irateVesta,a goddessofdomestichappiness, bilityofthe state.19 whichwas seen takesherrevenge,plaguingRomewitha slaveuprising, membersofthe as a warwithina family, sincetheslaveswereformally disaster the Romanfamilia. the byanother Again, haruspicespostpone of the destructenyears;withthearrivaloftheyear63theflimsy hopes "third Lentulus. Cornelius"tionofRomearedispelledbythe Bya joint effortofEtruscansoothsayersand Cicero,a "new founder"ofRome, the threatwas ironicallycalled by Sallusta "Romulusof Arpinum," occurin 53,theyear wardedoffagain.Anotherone would,naturally, oftheParthiandefeatand thedeathofMarcusCrassus,who overcame Spartacustwodecadesearlier.Onemaynoticeherethatthreeadjournmentsmeanactuallyfourevents,i.e. fourtempestsinsteadofthree;I wouldreplythatthemagicofthenumberthreeevidently prevailed,as the case ofCorneliusLentulus'apocalypticexpectationsin 63 clearly shows. The historyofRome,or ratherthe historyofthe Romans'percepindicatesthatfateful eventsweresuccessfully tionoftheirownhistory, of the combination ofthe "state" until 43 it because (was postponed and "private"postponement?),the year of Cicero's death and the Romaneschatoapocalypticsignsdescribedby Virgilin the Georgics. the charismatic fostered ideas, Octavian, by beganto undergo logical for thenbyVirgilin dramatictransformations. were accounted They Eclogue4, but all the same threeominousepisodesseparatedsucces18Inhisbook inbetween succesonSibyl, Zielinski 1924:117 sawtheten-year intervals intheReligia asanallusion totheten-year War. sivecatastrophes Trojan Subsequently, inPolish) hecited thedoctrine ofEtruscan fortune Rzeczypospolitej Rzymskiej (published inaddition toPlato's whowasabletosafeguard theAthenians Diotima, tellers, referring ofplague for tenyears thethreat against (Symp. 201D). 19Cf.e.g.Lovisi 2004:563-601. Parker 1998:703,

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sivělyby a decade mayhave been memorableforthe Romans.Three timesrunning, everytenyears,theveryexistenceofRomewas at stake, and thistripleperilmaypossiblybe registeredunderthe name trina Sincewe refer Einsidlense. bytheauthorofthesecondCarmen tempestas a of the death here to the "infelicitous" Rome, tempestand its Sulla, threestages,can we assumethatwe are dealingherealso witha referfromthe Etruscanlibrifulguróles ence to the postponedthunderbolts and threeapocalypticdates,i.e. actuallycommencingat the timeof Sulla,in 83,73,and 63? Thisleads us to a moregeneralquestion:whatwas the purposeof recallingthoseremoteeventsin the timesofNero?Was it possibleto schemefromthedistant sucha complicatedchronological comprehend be can indirect evidence providedto answersuch quespast? Only Lucan'sBellum civileoffers tions.Firstly, proofthatthedireeventsfrom recalled the last centuryofthe republicanera not onlywerewillingly as an but also served in the later bucolic), (as ideological manyyears Thus Caesarismin its Neronianform.20 weaponagainstcontemporary Sullae a nobis in verse 32 of the Carmen ) (sedprocul infelix gloria procul establishesa paradox,notjust an assertion,because the mereevoking thepointofreference makesitmuch"closer," oftheSullandictatorship the rule of Nero.In short,ifSulla's personhad in forunderstanding itwouldnothavemadesenseto mentionhimat factbeen so "distant," we maypresumethatduringNero'sreigneschatological all. Secondly, scheme doctrinesrelatingto theend ofRomelinkedwiththethreefold becausethe and thedate ofthe sackofTroywereofsomeimportance, fatefuldayin AD 64,whenRomewas set on fire,had fallenon the 19th ofJuly-preciselythe same day on which,accordingto tradition, Troy was destroyed.And,afterthe burningofTroyand the conflagration ofRomein 390 ВС,thegreatfireofRomein AD 64 was thethirdcataTo be clysmconnectedwiththatday,the day ofthe risingof Sirius.21 the bucolic much easier facts would not make sure,these necessarily

20FortheBellum seee.g.Ahl as a "contemporary" civile sense, epicinthisspecific 1993:129-130. 21Thispuzzling andexamined 1991. wasdiscovered byBaudy regularity

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to understand, but,afterall,beingenigmaticis a hallmarkofSibylline poetry. Adam Mickiewicz University WORKS CITED Lucani Pharsalia ." In RomanEpic, ed. A. Ahl,F. 1993."FormEmpowered: London and New York. 125-142. J.Boyle, Motivinderantiken Baudy,G.J.1991.DieBrändeRoms.Einapokalyptisches Hildesheimand NewYork. Historiographie. Bickel,E. 1954. "PolitischeSibylleneklogen:Die Sibylleneklogedes ConsularsPiso an Neround der politischeSinnder Erwähnung des Achillesin derSibyllenekloge Rh.Mus.97:193-228. Vergils." Burn,A.R. 1935."Datesin EarlyGreekHistory." JHS55:130-146. LatinPoets.LondonandCambridge, Duff, J.W.,andA.M. Duff1968.Minor MA. : AncientTimeand theBeginnings of Feeney,D. 2007. Caesar'sCalendar History. Berkeley. etNemesiani Bucolica. Einsidlensia Giarratano, C.,ed. 1973.Calpurnii quae of the 3rd 1943. dicuntur carmina. Turin. ed., Repr. Hall III,J.F. 1986."The SaeculumNovumofAugustusand its Etruscan ANRW Antecedents." 2.16.3:2564-2589. Hekster,0. J.,and J.Rich2006. "Octavianand the Thunderbolt:The Temple of Apollo Palatinusand RomanTraditionsof Temple CQ56:149-168. Building." A. E. 1910. "Carm.Bucol.Einsidl.II 34."CQ4:47-48.(= Diggle, Housman, J.,and F. R. D. Goodyear,eds. 1972. TheClassicalPapersofA. E. Housman. Vol.2,799-800.Cambridge.) Krauss,F. B. 1930.AnInterpretation , Portents , andProdigies oftheOmens Recorded Tacitus and Suetonius. , Philadelphia. byLivy, in Antiquity. Lewis,N. 1996. TheInterpretation ofDreamsand Portents Toronto. Lovisi,C. 1998. "Vestale, incestuset juridictionpontificalesous la MÉFRA 110:699-735. Républiqueromaine." and Messianismin the FinalPeriod Mashkin,N. A. 1949."Eschatology

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andPhenomenological Research oftheRomanRepublic."Philosophy 10:206-228. Eratosthenes." GRBS45:245-260. Möller,A. 2005."Epoch-making Were the Vestals 2004. H. N. Parker, Virgins?Or the Chastityof "Why of the Roman State." Womenand theSafety AJP125:563-601. Pease,A. S. 1919."AHistoricalAllusionExplained."CP14:175-177. Reeder,J. C. 1997. "The Statue of AugustusfromPrima Porta,the UndergroundComplex,and the Omenof the GallinaAlba" AJP 118:89-118. Latina(Vol. ShackletonBailey,D. R. 1982."Noteson Riese'sAnthologia 2)" CP77:113-132. ТАРА E. 1916."Threeas a MagicNumberin LatinLiterature." Tavenner, 47:117-143. Townend,G. B. 1980."CalpurniusSiculusand the MunusNeronis." JRS 70:166-174. R. 1954.T.Calpurnii SiculiDe laudePisonis etBucolicaetM.Annaei Verdière, dicuntur carmina."Coli. LucaniDe laudeCaesarisEinsidlensia quae Latomus."Vol.XIX.Berchemand Brussels. . 1985."Le genrebucolique à l'époque de Néron:Les 'Bucolica' de T. CalpurniusSiculuset les 'CarminaEinsidlensia';Étatde la ANRW 2.32.3:1845-1924. questionet prospectives." "Libri PBSR S. 1951. Weinstock, fulgurales." 19:122-153. : Troisessaissurla religion T. 1924.La Sibylle Zielinski, antiqueetlechristianisme.Paris. . 2000[1933-1934].Religia Toruñ. Rzeczypospolitej Rzymskiej.

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