Ichthyol Res (2010) 57:254–262 DOI 10.1007/s10228-010-0162-6
FULL PAPER
Two new Australian species of the Paraulopus nigripinnis complex (Aulopiformes: Paraulopidae) Tomoyasu Sato • Martin F. Gomon Tetsuji Nakabo
•
Received: 4 February 2010 / Revised: 15 March 2010 / Accepted: 26 March 2010 The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2010
Abstract Two new species, Paraulopus longianalis n.sp. and Paraulopus melanostomus n.sp., are described from western and southern Australian waters. Both are referable to the Paraulopus nigripinnis group of Sato and Nakabo (2002b, 2003) in having 4.5–5.5 scales above the lateral line, supraocular ridges and large adult body size, but differ from other species of the group in having two rows of cheek scales. Paraulopus longianalis is characterized by a deep anal fin in males, tiny adipose dorsal fin and supraocular ridges extending nearly to the predorsal scales, and P. melanostomus is most easily distinguished by its black buccal cavity and relatively broad, depressed head. A key to the six described species in the P. nigripinnis group is provided.
T. Sato T. Nakabo The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan M. F. Gomon (&) Ichthyology, Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia e-mail:
[email protected] Present Address: T. Sato TOYOGIKEN Co., Ltd., 4465-19 Tochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-0085, Japan e-mail:
[email protected]
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Keywords Paraulopus longianalis Paraulopus melanostomus New species Paraulopidae Aulopiformes Australia
Introduction Paraulopus Sato and Nakabo 2002a is a demersal genus of fishes distributed widely in the tropical and temperate Indowestern Pacific at outer shelf and upper slope depths. It is divisible into two natural assemblages, an Australasian Paraulopus nigripinnis group and a more widely distributed Paraulopus oblongus group (Sato and Nakabo 2002b, 2003). The former presently comprises Paraulopus melanogrammus Gomon and Sato 2004, Paraulopus nigripinnis (Gu¨nther 1878), Paraulopus novaeseelandiae Sato and Nakabo 2002b and Paraulopus okamurai Sato and Nakabo 2002b, and is characterized by 4.5–5.5 scales above the lateral line, the presence of supraocular ridges and a large adult body size (150–350 mm SL). The latter consists of Paraulopus atripes Sato and Nakabo 2003, Paraulopus brevirostris (Fourmanoir 1981), Paraulopus filamentosus (Okamura in Okamura et al. 1982), Paraulopus japonicus (Kamohara 1956), Paraulopus legandi (Fourmanoir and Rivaton 1979), Paraulopus maculatus (Kotthaus 1967), and Paraulopus oblongus (Kamohara 1953), and has 2.5–3.5 scales above the lateral line, no supraocular ridge and a small adult body size (70–150 mm SL). Several other species are known and await description. Nominal species were reviewed and synonymies provided by Sato and Nakabo (2002b, 2003). Two undescribed species of Paraulopus occurring in western and southern Australia are referable to the P. nigripinnis group. They differ from other recognized members in having two rows of cheek scales. The two are
Two new Australian Paraulopus
described as new, and a key to the described species of the P. nigripinnis group is presented.
Materials and methods Methods for counts and measurements follow Nakabo (2002) and Sato and Nakabo (2002b). The height of the anal fin is the length of the anterior most undamaged rays. Gill raker counts include all rudiments. Terminology of the supraocular ridges in the interorbital region follows Sato and Nakabo (2002b). Standard length and head length are expressed throughout as SL and HL, respectively. Institutional codes follow Leviton et al. (1985). Proportional measurements, counts and frequency distributions of selected meristic characters for the two new species are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Descriptive features are those of the holotype with variations observed in paratypes following in parentheses. Comparative specimens of other Paraulopus examined are listed in Sato and Nakabo (2002b, 2003) and Gomon and Sato (2004), but also include an additional specimen of Paraulopus nigripinnis: NMV A 4325 (136 mm SL) 37430 S, 150140 E, Victoria, 50 km ESE of Gabo Island, 200–206 m, RV Soela, 19 January 1982.
Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov. (Longfin Cucumberfish) (Figs. 1a, 2, 4, 5b, 6b) Holotype. NSMT-P 63675, 153 mm SL, male, 2622.70 S, 11226.90 E, Western Australia, off Steep Point, 288 m depth, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 9 November 1975. Paratypes. 45 specimens, 76.1–164 mm SL, all from off Western Australia. AMS I.31185-008, 6 specimens, 124–154 mm SL, 3 males and 3 females, NW of Shoal Point, 3 February 1991; CSIRO H 2547-16, 123 mm SL, male, 21390 S, 113580 E, W of North West Cape, 209– 215 m, 1991; CSIRO H 2567-19, 6 specimens, 125–141 mm SL, females, 25070 S, 112090 E, W of Dorre Island, 312 m, 1991; NMV A 1736, 123 mm SL, male, 28000 S, 113150 E–27550 S, 113130 E, NW of North Island, Houtman Abrolhos Islands, 183–183 m, 1 March 1981; NMV A 1806, 5 specimens, 112–136 mm SL, males, 27070 S 112490 E–27010 S 112480 E, SW of Shark Bay, 238– 248 m, 3 March 1981; NSMT-P 63665, 152 mm SL, male, P 63666, 157 mm SL, male, P 63667, 152 mm SL, male, P 63668, 129 mm SL, male, P 63669, 145 mm SL, male, P 63670, 131 mm SL, male, P 63671, 141 mm SL, male, P 63672, 149 mm SL, male, P 63673, 159 mm SL, male, P 63674, 148 mm SL, male, data as for holotype; NSMT-P 63677, 101 mm SL, female, P 63678, 104 mm SL, female,
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2621.60 S, 11234.70 E, 157 m, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 9 November 1975; NSMT-P 63679, 94.7 mm SL, male, P 63682, 99.5 mm SL, male, P 63683, 76.1 mm SL, P 63684, 91.4 mm SL, male, 2622.30 S, 11241.70 E, 150 m, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 9 November 1975; WAM P 29730.014, 10 specimens, 112–162 mm SL, 7 males and 3 females, 25200 0000 S, 112090 0000 E, West End, 380–420 m, 28 February 1988. Other specimens. AMS I.31165-009, 7 specimens, 123–133 mm SL, 3 males and 4 females, off Shark Bay, 312 m, 28 January 1991; CSIRO B 1968, 3 specimens, 126–138 mm SL, 21270 S, 114150 E, SW of Barrow Island, 1980; CSIRO CA 377, 146 mm SL, CA 378, 154 mm SL, CA 379, 95.0 mm SL, male, 21260 S, 114160 E, N of North West Cape, 175–185 m, 1978; CSIRO H 2104-1, 113 mm SL, 28090 S, 113170 E, NW of Geraldton, 210 m, 24 January 1989; CSIRO H 2105-1, 119 mm SL, 27530 S, 113080 E, W of Gantheaume Bay, 225 m, 1989; CSIRO H 2547-17, 5 specimens, 109– 118 mm SL, males, same data as paratype CSIRO H 254716 above; CSIRO H 2567-18, 4 specimens, 134–152 mm SL, same data as paratype CSIRO H 2567-19 above; CSIRO H 4070-38, 146 mm SL, male, 18140 S, 118110 E, NNW of Port Hedland, 266–269 m, 1995; CSIRO H 518816, 166 mm SL, H 5188-17, 173 mm SL, male, 19110 S, 116160 E, N of Dampier Archipelago, 256 m, 1998; NMV A 26058-001, 165 mm SL, male, 19090 1200 S, 116370 2400 E–19100 2400 S, 116380 0000 E, N of Dampier Archipelago, 230 m, 11 October 1990; NMV A 27343-001, 2 specimens, 135–145 mm SL, male and female, 18520 1200 S, 117360 0000 E–18510 5400 S, 117330 0600 E, NW of Port Hedland, 193 m, 4 October 1989; WAM P 22311.001, 88.0 mm SL, male, 24100 S, 113200 E, 60 km NW of Cape Cuvier, 29 July 1972; WAM P 26182.013, 8 specimens, 72.9–127 mm SL, males, 21250 0000 S, 114180 0000 E, NNW of Muiron Islands on edge of shelf, 175–185 m, FV Courageous, 6 May 1978; WAM P 29729.015, 8 specimens, 121–152 mm SL, 7 males and 1 female, 25020 0000 S, 112090 0000 E, West End, 385 m, 28 February 1988; WAM P 29730.022, 145 mm SL, data as for paratypes WAM P 29730.014. Diagnosis. Buccal cavity without dark pigment; body pale, usually with large faint dusky spots in several longitudinal series midlaterally on side; adipose fin pale; caudal fin transparent, though dusky near base of each lobe; supraocular ridges extending nearly to predorsal scales; 4.5 scales above lateral line; 2 rows of cheek scales; head and body nearly cylindrical, body tapering little posteriorly in dorsal view; eye large; adipose dorsal fin tiny, length 4.7– 10.6% HL; anal fin of males deep, posterior tip reaching nearly to posterior edge of hypurals when depressed; pectoral fin short, extending to below middle of dorsal fin base.
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Table 1 Selected proportional measurements and counts for types of Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov. and Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov. Species
P. longianalis sp. nov. Holotype
Paratypes (n = 45) Range
Standard length (mm)
P. melanostomus sp. nov.
153
76.1–162
Body depth
16.6
12.4–17.5
Body width
14.8
Head length
Holotype Mean ± SD
Paratypes (n = 27) Range
Mean ± SD
322
134–317
14.3 ± 1.0
15.4
12.0–17.5f
14.6 ± 1.2
13.8–16.9
15.1 ± 0.5
16.0
15.1–19.3f
16.3 ± 1.3
28.0
27.2–31.4
29.0 ± 1.0
30.3
27.9–32.3
29.8 ± 1.2
Preanus length
53.5
50.5–57.2
53.1 ± 1.5
56.8
52.8–57.6
54.4 ± 1.8
Predorsal length
36.8
35.3–39.2
37.1 ± 1.0
39.1
35.1–39.7
37.5 ± 1.0
Prepectoral length
27.1
26.0–31.2
28.7 ± 1.2
30.0
26.8–30.9
29.3 ± 0.9
Measurements (As %SL)
Prepelvic length
38.9
37.0–43.2
38.5 ± 1.3
37.4
35.8–40.6
38.6 ± 1.1
Preanal length
70.7
67.9–74.4
71.0 ± 1.4
73.1
69.6–74.1
71.9 ± 1.5
Dorsal fin base
14.3
12.5–14.8
14.1 ± 0.5
12.4
8.5–14.1
13.2 ± 1.3
Pectoral fin length
18.6
17.9–21.6a
19.4 ± 4.3
23.8
20.7–24.0
21.3 ± 1.6
Pelvic fin length
23.3
18.9–27.1b
23.8 ± 2.1
22.7
17.9–22.1
21.0 ± 2.4
21.3–27.1c
24.4 ± 1.7
18.9–23.5d
20.6 ± 1.2 10.9 ± 0.5
Males Females Interpelvic width
11.7
9.8–11.8
11.2 ± 0.4
11.4
9.3–12.8
Pelvic fin origin to anus
15.8
12.4–16.5
15.4 ± 1.1
20.0
14.9–21.5
16.6 ± 1.4
Anus to anal fin origin
17.1
16.2–20.0
17.9 ± 0.9
16.9
15.6–19.6
17.9 ± 0.9
Anal fin base
9.8
7.9–10.7
9.5 ± 0.7
7.8
6.7–9.8
8.7 ± 0.9
Anal fin height
14.1
7.1–19.6e
12.0 ± 4.2
7.7
6.5–9.7
7.2 ± 2.1
14.1
12.2–19.6c
14.9 ± 2.0 20.0 ± 0.9
20.0
17.2–20.9
5.6 ± 0.3
5.0
4.0–5.9
Males
7.1–9.4d
Females Caudal peduncle length
20.6
17.0–21.0
Caudal peduncle depth
5.8
5.3–6.0
7.9 ± 2.6 19.5 ± 0.9 5.2 ± 0.5
(As %HL) Head depth
54.1
42.5–54.4b
48.2 ± 2.2
49.9
39.9–53.6f
45.8 ± 2.9
Head width
49.4
43.4–56.8
47.8 ± 2.1
56.3
53.0–60.7
53.7 ± 5.0
Snout length
23.8
22.0–26.5b
23.4 ± 3.7
24.4
21.0–26.4
23.6 ± 1.1
Orbit diameter
35.9
32.0–40.3
37.0 ± 1.9
39.8
36.1–45.2
38.6 ± 2.5
Interorbital width
7.7
6.2–9.4
7.4 ± 0.7
7.0
4.7–7.7
Upper jaw length
43.6
41.3–45.9
44.2 ± 1.1
47.8
43.4–49.5
6.7 ± 0.9 44.9 ± 1.5
Postorbital length
42.7
38.5–43.5
41.0 ± 1.4
39.5
35.9–41.5
39.4 ± 2.0
Adipose fin length
8.9
4.7–10.6
7.1 ± 1.3
11.2
8.3–15.5
10.6 ± 3.1
Dorsal fin rays
11
11
11
11
Anal fin rays
10
9–11 (rarely 9 or 11)
10
9–11 (rarely 9 or 11)
Pectoral fin rays
17
15–18 (rarely 15, 16 or 18)
17
16–18 (rarely 16 or 18)
Pelvic fin rays
9
9
9
9
Branchiostegal rays
8
8
8
8
Gill rakers
7 ? 16
5–8 ? 15–17
8 ? 18
6–10 ? 16–19
Pored lateral line scales
46
41–47
52
49–52 (rarely 49 or 52)
Scales above lateral line
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
Scales below lateral line
3.5
3.5 (rarely 4.5)
3.5
3.5 (rarely 4.5)
Predorsal scales
12
9–13 (rarely 9 or 11–13)
13
11–15 (rarely 11 or 13–15)
Counts
a
Cheek scales
2
2
2
2
Vertebrae
43
43–46 (rarely 43 or 46)
50
48–50 (rarely 48 or 50)
38 specimens
b
44 specimens
c
17 specimens
d
11 specimens
e
28 specimens
f
26 specimens
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Two new Australian Paraulopus
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Table 2 Frequency of counts for selected meristic characters in Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov. and Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov. Vertebrae Abdominal Species P. longianalis (n = 46)
16 17 1
18 a
24
19 20 21
21
P. melanostomus (n = 28)
1
Caudal
Total
26 27 28 29 30
43 44 45
9
a
26 11
9 17 1
P. melanostomus (n = 28)
3.5 4.5
1
45a 1
3 13 12
5
19 4
a
27a 1
Pored lateral line scales
21 22
23
5
14a 10 2
15
18 23
46 47 48 49 50
a
Gill rakers
P. longianalis (n = 46)
4
a
TRb
24 25 26
6 6
27 28 29
a
11
3
2
41 42
43 44 45 46
1
8
3
5
47 48 49 50 51 52
17 10a 2 2
16 8
2a
TRb is the number of scales below the lateral line a
Including holotype
Description. (See Tables 1, 2 for meristic and morphometric values.) Body elongate, head and body subcylindrical; head depth 85.5–106% head width. Snout short. Nostrils located midway between tip of snout and anterior margin of orbit; anterior and posterior nostrils of similar size. Eye large, 2.5–3.1 (mean 2.7) times in head, elliptical, directed dorsolaterally. Interorbital narrow. Supraocular ridge very long, reaching posteriorly almost to predorsal scales. Maxilla extending posteriorly to below middle of pupil. Tip of lower jaw projecting slightly anteriorly. Jaws with small recurved conical teeth in a posteriorly tapering band. Vomer and palatine with two irregular rows of conical teeth. Tongue slightly narrow anteriorly, possessing small canine-like teeth, which are larger than teeth in jaws, on anterior margin of basihyal; teeth laterally on outer rows slightly larger than those on inner row. Scales cycloid, moderately well attached. Anus closer to pelvic fin origin than to anal fin. Distal margin of dorsal fin deeply concave. Pectoral fin short, tip reaching to below middle of dorsal fin base. Posterior margin of pelvic fin slightly emarginated (more deeply in males than females). Adipose dorsal fin tiny, length 4.7–10.6% HL, positioned above base of ninth (ninth or tenth) anal fin ray. Anal fin of males deep, posterior rays longer than anterior rays, extending nearly to posterior edge of hypurals when depressed; anal fin of females short, not reaching below middle of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fin short, 17.9–21.6% SL. Pelvic fins of males longer than those of females, posterior margin slightly concave. Maximum recorded length 173 mm SL. Color when fresh. Based on holotype NSMT-P 63675 and paratype CSIRO H 2574.02, male (Fig. 1a). Body grayish brown with iridescent midlateral stripe, and oval yellow to olive spots dorsally. Cheek silvery. Operculum dark dorsally, silvery ventrally. Dorsal fin pale with prominent black tip anteriorly bordering narrow, distinctive
white band. Adipose dorsal fin pale. Anal fin white with black first ray, three evenly spaced, dorsoposteriorly angled, broad yellow stripes and fine blackish distal margin (fin uniformly white in females). Caudal fin pale. Pectoral fin transparent. Pelvic fin transparent with dusky distal margin. Color in alcohol. Based on paratypes (Fig. 2e, CSIRO H 2567-19, 1 of 6; color faded in holotype, Fig. 2a). Body mostly pale, with about 5–6 large faint dusky spots in series below lateral line, a couple separated by slightly smaller and fainter spots; third and fifth spots associated with slightly smaller spot immediately above lateral line anterodorsally and posterodorsally; scales above lateral line edged with dusky pigment. Buccal cavity and tongue without dark pigment. Branchial cavity and pharynx dark. Cheek dusky. Opercle dark. Branchiostegal membrane dusky. Dorsal fin pale with dark tip anteriorly (less dark in large males). Adipose dorsal fin pale. Anal fin pale with first ray dark in males and pale in females (some males with detectable thin blackish distal margin). Pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins mostly pale; pelvic fins often with faint blackish subdistal band angled across lateral lobe; caudal fin with very faint dusky blotch somewhat basally on each lobe. Distribution. Off the west coast of Western Australia from near Port Hedland (18140 S, 118110 E) to off Geraldton (28090 S, 113170 E) at depths of 150–312 m. Etymology. longianalis from the Latin longus meaning ‘long’ and analis meaning ‘anal fin’, in reference to the enlarged anal fin in males of this species. Remarks. In a review of the Paraulopus nigripinnis group, Sato and Nakabo (2002b) recognized three species: P. nigripinnis, distributed in southern Australia and New Zealand, and two species occurring in the Tasman Sea and off New Zealand, P. okamurai and P. novaeseelandiae.
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Fig. 1 a Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov., paratype, CSIRO H 2547-16, 123 mm SL, male. b Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov., paratype, CSIRO H 2574-02, 219 mm SL, female
Gomon and Sato (2004) added a fourth P. melanogrammus, which occurs off the central part of the eastern Australian coast. Both P. longianalis and P. melanostomus differ from these four species in having 2 rather than 3 rows of cheek scales. Paraulopus longianalis is separable from all other species in the complex in having the fewest number of vertebrae (43–46 vs. 47–51) and pored lateral line scales (41–47 vs. 47–53, rarely 47), a deeper anal fin in males (almost reaching to below the caudal fin base when depressed vs. almost reaching to below center of caudal peduncle when depressed, Figs. 2a, 3a), and a longer supraocular ridge (extending beyond vs. not extending to posterior end of orbit, Figs. 2b, 3b), while P. melanostomus is distinguishable from the others in having a black buccal cavity (Fig. 3e, vs. pale or dusky buccal cavity), noticeably depressed head (vs. rather cylindrical head, Fig. 5) and a body that tapers considerably to a very narrow caudal peduncle (vs. body that tapers little posteriorly, Fig. 6). Paraulopus longianalis differs from P. melanostomus in having a shorter pectoral fin (17.9–21.6 vs. 20.7–24.5% SL, Figs. 2a, 3a), and to varying degrees in the following other proportional measurements (Table 1): body width, preanus
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length, preanal fin length, pelvic fin length, pelvic fin origin to anus, caudal peduncle depth, orbit diameter and postorbital length. Paraulopus longianalis is sexually dimorphic with males having longer pelvic fins (3.7–4.7 vs. 4.2–5.3 in SL) and an enlarged anal fin, the first ray edged with black and with a fine black distal margin (Fig. 2). Females have a completely pale anal fin of a size more typical of other species.
Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov. (Licoricemouth Cucumberfish) (Figs. 1b, 3, 4, 5c, 6c) Holotype. NSMT-P 63657 (322 mm SL, female), 3339.40 S, 13106.60 E, South Australia, Great Australia Bight, 626 m, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 3 December 1975. Paratypes. 27 specimens, 134–317 mm SL. AMS I. 31171-007, 180 mm SL, female, 2635.70 S, 11229.00 E– 2637.80 S, 11229.70 E, Western Australia, off Shark Bay, 500–508 m, 30 January 1991; CSIRO H 2574-02, 219 mm SL, female, 26350 S, 112290 E, Western Australia, W of
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Fig. 2 Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov., holotype, NSMT-P 63675, male, 153 mm SL: a lateral view, b dorsal view of head, c ventral view of pelvic fin, d dorsal view of tongue; paratype, CSIRO H 2567-19,
female, 1 of 6, 131 mm SL, e lateral view. SR supraocular ridge, BH basihyal. Scale bars are 3 mm
Freycinet Estuary, 508–500 m, 1991; CSIRO H 2575-08, 213 mm SL, female, H 2575-21, 203 mm SL, female, 26400 S, 112320 E, Western Australia, W of Freycinet Estuary, 478–456 m, 1991; NMV A 6199, 135 mm SL, 3434.60 S, 12132.80 E–34340 S, 12130.50 E, Western Australia, Southern Ocean, 80 km SSW of Esperance, 504–477 m, 15 August 1988; NMV A 9527, 8 specimens, 134–261 mm SL, 3 males and 5 females, 2920.500 S, 11358.300 E–2918.600 S, 11356.800 E, Western Australia, 90 km SW of Geraldton, 490–505 m, 6 February 1991; NSMT-P 63661, 232 mm SL, female, P 63662, 156 mm SL, female, 2732.70 S, 11253.90 E, Western Australia, Indian Ocean, 490 m, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 10 November 1975; NSMT-P 63653, 317 mm SL, female, P 63658, 294 mm SL, female, P 63659, 273 mm SL, female,
3322.20 S, 12618.30 E, Great Australia Bight, 550 m, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 27 November 1975; NSMT-P 63654, 311 mm SL, male, P 63655, 298 mm SL, female, P63656, 297 mm SL, female, data as for holotype; NSMT-P 63663, 249 mm SL, male, P 63664, 310 mm SL, female, 3132.90 S, 11448.20 E, Western Australia, Indian Ocean, 603 m, R/V Kaiyo-Maru, 10 November 1975; NTM S.12720-006, 251 mm SL, male, 33050 S, 114350 E, Western Australia, Cape Naturaliste, 410 m, FV ‘Ocean Exporter’, 16 March 1990; WAM P30221.005, 3 specimens, 238–297 mm SL, 31160 0000 S, 114500 0000 E, 613– 614 m, 9 February 1991. Other specimens. CSIRO H 1704-02, 233 mm SL, female, H 1704-03, 242 mm SL, male, H 1704-04, 258 mm SL, female, H 1704-05, 265 mm SL, 29140 S,
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Fig. 3 Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov., holotype, NSMT-P 63657, female, 322 mm SL: a lateral view, b dorsal view of head, c ventral view of pelvic fin, d dorsal view of tongue, e coloration of inner surface of mouth (anterior view); f anal fin of male. SR supraocular ridge, BH basihyal. Scale bars are 3 mm
Fig. 4 Collection localities for specimens of Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov. and Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov. examined. 200 m depth contour shown
Fig. 5 Anterior view of head in: a Paraulopus nigripinnis, NMV A 4325, 136 mm SL; b Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov., NMV A 1806, 133 mm SL; and, c Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov., NMV A 6199, 135 mm SL
113520 E, Western Australia, SW of Geraldton, 556 m, 1989; CSIRO H 2575-09, 234 mm SL, female, same data as paratype H 2575-08; CSIRO H 2586-01, 209 mm SL,
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female, H 2586-02, 230 mm SL, female, H 2586-03, 236 mm SL, H 2586-04, 200 mm SL, H 2586-05, 228 mm SL, H 2586-06, 260 mm SL, H 2586-07, 223 mm SL, female, 27170 S, 112450 E, Western Australia, SW of Shark Bay, 510–520 m, 1991; NMV A581, 294 mm SL, female, A710, 318 mm SL, female, 38400 S, 141300 E, Victoria Bass Strait, 42 km SSW (210) of Portland, 576 m, 14 May 1979; NMV A 6198, 268 mm SL, female, 3434.40 S, 12122.30 E–3434.30 S, 12119.30 E, Western Australia, 90 km SW of Esperance, 510–521 m, 17 August 1988; NMV A 6251, 306 mm SL, male, A 11347, 268 mm SL, male, same data as paratype NMV A6199; NMV A 6252, 319 mm SL, male, 3435.50 S, 121190 E–3435.50 S, 121170 E, Western Australia, 95 km SW of Esperance, 1,015–1,030 m, 17 August 1988. Diagnosis. Buccal cavity black; body pale, usually with two darker saddle-like marks, most prominent saddle below dusky to dark adipose dorsal fin; caudal fin transparent; supraocular ridge present, not extending posteriorly past orbit; 4.5 scales above lateral line; 2 rows of cheek scales; head distinctly depressed and broad, body strongly tapering posteriorly in dorsal view; eye very large; adipose dorsal fin small, length 8.3–15.3% HL (rarely less than 11.0); anal fin of both sexes similar in size; pectoral fin long, extending slightly beyond posterior end of dorsal fin base. Description. (See Tables 1, 2 for meristic and morphometric values.) Body elongate, distinctly tapering to very narrow caudal peduncle; head noticeably depressed, depth 72.3–84.3% head width. Snout short, blunt. Nostrils closer to eye than snout tip, two-thirds of the way from tip of snout to anterior margin of orbit. Anterior nostril smaller than posterior nostril. Eye very large, 2.2–2.7 (mean 2.5)
Two new Australian Paraulopus
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Fig. 6 Dorsal view of body in: a Paraulopus nigripinnis, NMV A 4325, 136 mm SL; b Paraulopus longianalis sp. nov., NMV A 1806, 133 mm SL; and, c Paraulopus melanostomus sp. nov., NMV A 6199, 135 mm SL
times in head, elliptical and directed dorsolaterally, having wide anterior aphakic space at pupil. Interorbital narrow. Supraocular ridge short, not reaching to posterior extent of orbit. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through center of pupil. Symphysis of lower jaw just visible in dorsal view. Jaws with small recurved conical teeth in a posteriorly tapering band. Vomer and palatine with two irregular rows of conical teeth. Tongue with two irregular rows of small caniniform teeth on anterior margin of basihyal, larger than teeth in jaws; separate tooth patch present (present or absent) on middle of tongue. Scales cycloid, deciduous. Anus located almost midway between origins of pelvic and anal fins. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly concave. Adipose dorsal fin small, length 8.3– 15.3% HL (rarely less than 11.0), positioned above ninth (eighth or ninth) anal fin ray. Pectoral fin long, extending slightly beyond posterior end of dorsal fin base. Posterior margin of pelvic fin deeply concave; innermost rays slightly longer (longer or same) than outermost. Sexual dimorphism evident only in anal fin coloration. Maximum recorded length 325 mm SL. Color when fresh. Based on paratypes, NSMT-P 63657, male, and CSIRO H 2574-02, female (Fig. 1b). Body blackish brown dorsally, silvery ventrally; with two dark saddle-like marks behind dorsal and adipose fins. Cheek silvery. Opercle dark dorsally, silver ventrally. Dorsal fin dark with a black tip anteriorly bordering distinctive narrow white band distally. Anal fin transparent, males with a black distal margin. Adipose dorsal fin dark. Pectoral and caudal fins transparent. Pelvic fin pale. Color in alcohol. Body pale brown with two saddle-like dark marks (present or absent), most prominent below adipose fin (Fig. 3). Buccal cavity, branchial cavity and pharynx black; toothbands on vomer and palatine and T-shaped toothband of tongue white. Opercle dark dorsally. Branchiostegal membrane slightly dusky on outer surface, inner
surface dark with posterior pale margin. Dorsal fin dusky with dark tip anteriorly bordering narrow, pale band (pale band absent in some paratypes). Anal fin pale with a dark ventral margin in males, uniformly pale in females. Adipose dorsal fin dusky (dusky to dark). Pectoral and caudal fins pale. Pelvic fin dusky (dusky or uniformly pale) posteriorly. Distribution. Upper slope waters of western and southern Australia from off the Freycinet Estuary (26400 S, 112320 E) in Western Australia to near Portland, Victoria (38400 S, 141300 E) at about 450–1,000 m. Etymology. melanostomus, from the Greek melanos, meaning ‘black’ and stoma, meaning ‘mouth’, in reference to the black buccal cavity of this species. Remarks. For comparisons with related species, see ‘Remarks’ for P. longianalis. Sexual dimorphism in this species is evident only in the pigmentation of the anal fin. Females lack the dark pigment present on the ventral margin of the anal fin in males.
Key to species of the Paraulopus nigripinnis complex 1a
Caudal fin entirely pale or with dark marking on tip of upper lobe only; cheek scales in 2 or 3 rows………2 1b Caudal fin with dark posterior margin on upper lobe extending onto lower lobe; cheek scales in 2 rows………………………………………………….4 2a Cheek scales in 3 rows; dorsal fin with distinctly black leading edge basally and distally or leading edge entirely black; total gill rakers, including rudiments 19–21…………………………..…P. melanogrammus 2b Cheek scales in 2 rows; dorsal fin with black on distal margin only, leading edge pale except at tip; total gill rakers, including rudiments 22–29……………….…3 3a Buccal cavity pale to dusky; pectoral fin short, 18.2– 20.5% of SL; head about as deep as wide; anal fin of
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males very deep, extending far beyond middle of the caudal peduncle when reclined against body; adipose tiny and pale; posterior end of supraocular ridge nearly reaching predorsal scales………P. longianalis sp. nov. 3b Buccal cavity black; pectoral fin long, 20.7–24.5% of SL; head noticeably wider than deep; anal fin of males short, not reaching below middle of caudal peduncle length when reclined against body; adipose fin small and dusky to dark; posterior end of supraocular ridge not reaching posterior edge of orbit……………… …………………….………P. melanostomus sp. nov. 4a Dorsal fin without a white band distally immediately below dark tip; caudal fin with black on distal tip of lower lobe; predorsal scales 12–14………………… ………………………………………… P. nigripinnis 4b Dorsal fin with distinct white band immediately below black dorsal margin; caudal fin with white distal tip to lower lobe; predorsal scales 17–18…………………5 5a Caudal fin white with black distal margin on upper lobe and short dark oblique band on lower lobe; pectoral fin rays modally 18…..…P. novaeseelandiae 5b Caudal fin black with a transverse white band on upper lobe and white distal tip to lower lobe; pectoral fin rays modally 17………………………P. okamurai Acknowledgments We thank the following for the loan of specimens in their care and for conveying additional information about them: D. Bray (NMV), A. Graham (CSIRO), H. Larson (NTM), K. Matsuura (NSMT), M. McGrouther (AMS), S. Morrison (WAM), G. Shinohara (NSMT) and Y. Uozumi (FSFL). We also thank K. Nishida (Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan) for providing access to his X-ray facilities and G. S. Hardy (Ngunguru, New Zealand) for critically reading and commenting on an early draft of the manuscript. Color photos of the two species were supplied by CSIRO. Assistance with quantifying morphometric information was provided by A. Moussalli.
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