Vassilis Peristeras, Theodore Tsekos ,e-Governance as a Public Policy Framework

occasional

papers Volume V No 2 • Spring 2004

Content Vassilis Peristeras, The Occasional Papers are published quarterly by NISPAcee and distributed together with the NISPAcee Newsletter. The series launches academic publications that discuss results of policy research in different !elds of public administration. It provides a forum for the analysis and discussion of contemporary problems and possible solutions, models and methods of public administration and public policy with assessments of empirical evidence from regional experience in public sector reform. The main goal is to enhance the quality and quantity of intellectual exchange among researchers, educators, scholars and practitioners dealing with major issues of public administration and public policy in the Central and East European regions.

Theodore Tsekos

ˆ¾n’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê„–ê„êw˜…Œ†ê w’Œ†œêm•„ˆš’•Žê꽓­ê£ Wolfgang Drechsler

{‹ˆêl–—’‘Œ„‘ꈾ}’—Œ‘Šês„š–ê kŒ–†’˜•–ˆ®êw„•„‡ŒŠ„—Œ†ê iˆ‘†‹„•ŽŒ‘Šê‰’•êjˆ‘—•„ê „‘‡êl„–—ˆ•‘êl˜•’“ˆê꽓­ê¡¡ Marcin Sakowicz

o’šêz‹’˜‡êˆ¾n’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—ê iˆêl™„˜„—ˆ‡¸ê kŒ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê tˆ—‹’‡’’ŠŒˆ–ê „‘‡êtˆ—‹’‡–ê꽓­ê¡¨

NISPAcee

occasional papers

e-Governance: Paradigms for Public Policy and Administration —’ꆒ…Œ‘ˆêŒ‘ê„ꕈ„—Œ™ˆœê–Œ“ˆê’‡ˆê—‹ˆê ˆ‘—Œ•ˆê“‹ˆ‘’ˆ‘’‘ꒉꈾŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê„–ê“•’¾ †ˆ––±êŒ‘—ˆŠ•„—Œ‘Šê„ê—‹ˆê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ꄆ—’•–ê„–ê ˜†‹ê„–ê“’––Œ…ˆ­êt„•†Œ‘êz„Ž’šŒ†±ê’‰ê—‹ˆê ~„•–„šêz†‹’’ê’‰êl†’‘’Œ†–±êw’„‘‡±êŒ‘ê µo’šê—’êl™„˜„—ˆêˆ¾n’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—¸êkŒ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê tˆ—‹’‡’’ŠŒˆ–ê„‘‡êtˆ—‹’‡–±´ê‡ˆŒ™ˆ•–ê„ê…•Œˆ‰ê …˜—ꆏˆ„•ê‡ˆ–†•Œ“—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê„–“ˆ†—–ê „‘‡êˆˆˆ‘—–ꒉꈾŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê—‹„—ꄏ’š–ꆒ¾ “„•Œ–’‘ê„‘‡êˆ™„˜„—Œ’‘­êh‘‡ê‰Œ‘„œ±ê~’‰Š„‘Šê k•ˆ†‹–ˆ•±ê’‰ê—‹ˆê|‘Œ™ˆ•–Œ—œê’‰ê{„•—˜±êl–—’‘Œ„±ê Œ‘êµ{‹ˆêl–—’‘Œ„‘ꈾ}’—Œ‘Šês„š–êkŒ–†’˜•–ˆ®ê w„•„‡ŒŠ„—Œ†êiˆ‘†‹„•ŽŒ‘Šê‰’•êjˆ‘—•„ê„‘‡ê l„–—ˆ•‘êl˜•’“ˆ±´ê„‘„œˆ–ê—‹ˆêl–—’‘Œ„‘ꈾ ™’—Œ‘Šê„š±ê—‹ˆê’‘ˆêŒ‘êl˜•’“ˆê—‹„—ꌖꄆ—˜„œê “„––ˆ‡±êŒ‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê—’ê–ˆˆêš‹„—ꏈ––’‘–ê’—‹ˆ•ê †’˜‘—•Œˆ–±êŒ‘êjˆ‘—•„ê„‘‡êl„–—ˆ•‘êl˜•’“ˆ±ê†„‘ê ‡•„šê‰•’ê—‹Œ–ꈛ“ˆ•Œˆ‘†ˆ­ z—˜‡Œˆ–ꒉꈾŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê„•ˆê„ꐄ——ˆ•ê“„•¾ —Œ†˜„•œê“•’‘ˆê—’ê•„“Œ‡ê†‹„‘Šˆ±ê„Š„Œ‘ê…’—‹ê Œ‘ê—‹ˆ’•œê„‘‡ê“•„†—Œ†ˆ±ê„‘‡ê—‹˜–ꐘ†‹êŒ‘‰’•¾ „—Œ’‘ê„…’˜—ꌗꔘŒ†Žœê…ˆ†’ˆ–ê’˜—‡„—ˆ‡­ê l––„œ–ê’‘ê—‹ˆê—’“Œ†ê„•ˆê—‹ˆ•ˆ‰’•ˆê‘ˆ†ˆ––„•¾ Œœê–‘„“–‹’—–­êo’šˆ™ˆ•±ê—‹ˆê†˜••ˆ‘—ê„•—Œ†ˆ–ê †’‘—„Œ‘ꄑꌑ—ˆ•ˆ–—Œ‘Šê–ˆ—ꒉ꓈•–“ˆ†—Œ™ˆ–ê’‘ê ˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê„–ê“„•„‡ŒŠ–ꉒ•êw˜…Œ†êw’Œ†œê „‘‡êh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ꌑꄑœê†„–ˆ±ê„‘‡ê–’ê—‹ˆœê „•ˆê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—ˆ‡ê‹ˆ•ˆšŒ—‹­

}„––ŒŒ–êwˆ•Œ–—ˆ•„–ê„‘‡ê{‹ˆ’‡’•ˆê{–ˆŽ’–±ê ‰’•ˆ•œê‰•’ê—‹ˆê|‘Œ—ˆ‡êu„—Œ’‘–ê{‹ˆ––„’‘ŒŽŒê jˆ‘—ˆ•±ên•ˆˆ†ˆ±êš‹’ꆒ’•‡Œ‘„—ˆ‡ê—‹ˆêš’•ŽŒ‘Šê Š•’˜“ꘑ—Œê‘’š±ê„——ˆ“—ꌑꗋˆŒ•êˆ––„œ±ê µˆ¾n’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê„–ê„êw˜…Œ†êw’Œ†œêm•„ˆš’•Ž±´ê

3

Volume V • No 2 •Spring 2004

{‹ˆêŒ“’•—„‘†ˆê’‰êˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆêŒ‘ꆘ••ˆ‘—ê “˜…Œ†ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê“’Œ†œ±ê…’—‹êŒ‘ê—‹ˆ¾ ’•œê„‘‡ê“•„†—Œ†ˆ±ê†„‘ê‹„•‡œê…ˆê’™ˆ••„—ˆ‡­êp‘ê —‹ˆê‰•„ˆš’•Žê’‰ê—‹ˆêupzwh†ˆˆêh‘‘˜„êj’‘‰ˆ•¾ ˆ‘†ˆ±ê—‹Œ–ê—’“Œ†êŒ–ê—‹ˆ•ˆ‰’•ˆê†’™ˆ•ˆ‡ê…œê„ê–“ˆ¾ †Œ„êš’•ŽŒ‘ŠêŠ•’˜“­ê{‹ˆê†˜••ˆ‘—ꌖ–˜ˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê v††„–Œ’‘„êw„“ˆ•–ê–ˆ•Œˆ–ê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—–ê—‹•ˆˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê …ˆ–—ê“„“ˆ•–ꉕ’ê—‹Œ–êš’•ŽŒ‘ŠêŠ•’˜“±êš‹Œ†‹ê ‰’•ê’‘ˆê’•ê—‹ˆê’—‹ˆ•ê—ˆ†‹‘Œ†„ê•ˆ„–’‘Ꚉ•ˆê‘’—ê Œ‘†˜‡ˆ‡êŒ‘ê—‹ˆê–ˆˆ†—ˆ‡ê“„“ˆ•–ꈇŒ—Œ’‘ê Œ‘†˜‡ˆ‡êŒ‘ê—‹ˆê–ˆˆ†—ˆ‡ê“„“ˆ•–ꈇŒ—Œ’‘êÂl‘¾ ‹„‘†Œ‘Šê—‹ˆêj„“„†Œ—Œˆ–ê—’ên’™ˆ•‘®êj‹„ˆ‘Šˆ–ê m„†Œ‘Šê—‹ˆêjllêj’˜‘—•Œˆ–±êzˆˆ†—ˆ‡êw„“ˆ•–ê ‰•’ê—‹ˆê¡¡—‹êupzwh†ˆˆêh‘‘˜„êj’‘‰ˆ•ˆ‘†ˆ±ê i˜†‹„•ˆ–—±êy’„‘Œ„±ê¢ªª£±êi•œ„‘ˆêtŒ†‹„ˆ–±ê y„Œ‘ˆ•êr„——ˆ±ê„‘‡ê~’‰Š„‘Šêk•ˆ†‹–ˆ•±êˆ‡–­±ê i•„—Œ–„™„®êupzwh†ˆˆ±ê¢ªª¤Ã±ê…˜—êš‹Œ†‹ê‘ˆ™ˆ•¾ —‹ˆˆ––ê„•ˆê•ˆˆ™„‘—ꉒ•±ê„‘‡ê’‰êŠ•ˆ„—ê“’—ˆ‘—Œ„ê Œ‘—ˆ•ˆ–—ê—’±ê—‹ˆêjˆ‘—•„ê„‘‡êl„–—ˆ•‘êl˜•’“ˆ„‘ê ˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê‡Œ–†’˜•–ˆ­ê~‹„—ꐄŽˆ–ê—‹ˆ–ˆê —‹•ˆˆê“„“ˆ•–ê–“ˆ†Œ„êŒ–ê—‹„—ꄏê’‰ê—‹ˆ±ê„…ˆŒ—ê ‰•’ê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê„‘Šˆ–±ê„——ˆ“—ꗒꅈ꓄•„‡ŒŠ¾ „—Œ†±êŒ­ˆ­±ê—‹ˆœê—•œê—’ê–˜““œê„ꐄ—•Œ›±ê’‡ˆ±ê ’•ê“ˆ•–“ˆ†—Œ™ˆê‹’šêˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê†„‘ê…ˆê †’‘†ˆ“—˜„Œˆ‡­ê

e-Governance as a Public Policy Framework

e-Governance as a Public Policy Framework }„––ŒŒ–êwˆ•Œ–—ˆ•„–êʱê{‹ˆ’‡’•ˆê{–ˆŽ’–êÊÊ

¡­êêpuêzlhyjoêvmêjvolylu{ê wvspj€êthrpunêtvklsz w˜…Œ†ê„†—Œ’‘±êŒ‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê—’ꅈꈉ‰ˆ†—Œ™ˆê„‘‡êˆ‰¾ ‰Œ†Œˆ‘—±ê‹„–ꗒꅈꆒ‘†ˆŒ™ˆ‡ê„‘‡ê‡ˆ™ˆ’“ˆ‡ê„–ê „ê†’‹ˆ•ˆ‘—ê„‘‡êŒ‘—ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡ê–œ–—ˆ­ p‘ê“•„†—Œ†ˆ±ê‹’šˆ™ˆ•±ê„ꇌ†‹’—’œê†’‘¾ †ˆ•‘Œ‘Šê“’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šê’††˜•–ꄉ‰ˆ†—Œ‘Šê„ê ‡Œˆ‘–Œ’‘–ꒉꓘ…Œ†ê“’Œ†œ®ê†’ˆ†—Œ™ˆê„‘‡ê Œ‘‡Œ™Œ‡˜„ê„†—’•–±ê‡ˆ–ŒŠ‘Œ‘Šê„‘‡êŒ“ˆˆ‘—Œ‘Šê “•’†ˆ––ˆ–±êˆ—†­ {‹ˆê•ˆ„–’‘–ꉒ•ê—‹Œ–ꇌ†‹’—’œ±ê—ˆ•ˆ‡ê µ“’Œ†œê…•ˆ„†‹´ê¡±ê•ˆ–Œ‡ˆêŒ‘ê—‹ˆê‰„†—ê—‹„—ꇈ–ŒŠ‘ê „‘‡êŒ“ˆˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ê„•ˆê—š’ꔘ„–Œ¾Œ‘‡ˆ“ˆ‘¾ ‡ˆ‘—ê„‘‡ê’’–ˆœêŒ‘Žˆ‡ê–˜…¾“•’†ˆ––ˆ–­ t’•ˆê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†„œ±ê—‹ˆê“’Œ†œê„‘„œ–Œ–ê„‘‡ê ‡ˆ–ŒŠ‘ê–—„Šˆê†’‘–—Œ—˜—ˆ–ê„ê—’“¾‡’š‘ê“•’†ˆ––ê Œ‘™’™Œ‘Šê“’Œ—Œ†„êÀ꒕ꋌŠ‹œê“’Œ—Œ†Œˆ‡êÀ꓈•¾ –’‘‘ˆ­êp—ꌖ꒘—†’ˆê’•Œˆ‘—ˆ‡ê„‘‡ê’“ˆ•„—ˆ‡ê ’‘ê—‹ˆê…„–Œ–ꒉꊈ‘ˆ•„ê†•Œ—ˆ•Œ„ê–˜†‹ê„–ꐌ–¾ –Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê™Œ–Œ’‘ꆒ‘†ˆ“—–±ê’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘„ê„‘‡ê ˆ‘™Œ•’‘ˆ‘—„ê™„˜ˆ–ê„‘‡ê–—•„—ˆŠŒˆ–±ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê “•Œ’•Œ—Œˆ–±êˆ—†­ v‘ê—‹ˆê’—‹ˆ•ê‹„‘‡±ê“’Œ†œêŒ“ˆˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ê Œ–ꐄŒ‘œê„ê…’——’¾˜“ê“•’†ˆ––ꌑ™’™Œ‘Šêw­h­ê “•’‰ˆ––Œ’‘„–®êŒ‡‡ˆê„‘„Šˆˆ‘—ê„‘‡ê’š¾ ˆ™ˆê“ˆ•–’‘‘ˆ­ê{‹ˆ•ˆ‰’•ˆ±êŒ“ˆˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ê „†—Œ™Œ—Œˆ–ê„•ˆêŠ˜Œ‡ˆ‡ê…œêŒ‘—•„¾’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘„ê “•Œ’•Œ—Œˆ–ê„‘‡ê‡„œ¾—’¾‡„œê„‘„Šˆˆ‘—ꕈ”˜Œ•ˆ¾ ˆ‘—–ê„‘‡ê•ˆ–—•Œ†—Œ’‘–­ê{‹ˆœê„•ˆê–‹’•—¾—ˆ•ê „‘‡ê’˜—“˜—ê’•Œˆ‘—ˆ‡êšŒ—‹ê’‘œê™„Š˜ˆê•ˆ‰ˆ•¾ ˆ‘†ˆ–ê—’ê—‹ˆêµ…ŒŠê“Œ†—˜•ˆ´ê„‘‡ê’’–ˆêŒ‘Ž–ê—’ê —‹ˆê’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘ؖꏒ‘Š¾—ˆ•ê’…ˆ†—Œ™ˆ–ê„‘‡ê –—•„—ˆŠŒ†ê“•Œ’•Œ—Œˆ–ê„‘‡êŠ’„–­ {‹ˆê˜‘–˜Œ—„…ˆê†’‘‘ˆ†—Œ’‘ê„‘‡êŒ–„—†‹¾ Œ‘Šê’‰ê—š’ꆒ“ˆˆ‘—„•œê–—ˆ“–ê’‰ê„ê“•’†ˆ––ê –˜““’–ˆ‡ê—’ꅈꏌ‘ˆ„•êˆ„‡–ê—’ê—‹ˆê‡Œ–Œ‘—ˆ¾ Êêê|‘Œ—ˆ‡êu„—Œ’‘–ê{‹ˆ––„’‘ŒŽŒêjˆ‘—•ˆê‰’•êw˜…Œ†êzˆ•™Œ†ˆê w•’‰ˆ––Œ’‘„Œ–±ê{‹ˆ––„’‘ŒŽŒ±ên•ˆˆ†ˆ

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{‹ˆê“•’…ˆ„—Œ†ê–Œ—˜„—Œ’‘ꇈ–†•Œ…ˆ‡ê „…’™ˆê†•ˆ„—ˆ–ꄑꘕŠˆ‘—ꑈˆ‡ê‰’•ê„ê…Œ¾‡Œˆ‘¾ –Œ’‘„êŒ‘—ˆŠ•„—Œ™ˆêŒ‘—ˆ•‰„†ˆê…•Œ‡ŠŒ‘Šê…’—‹ê—‹ˆê ™ˆ•—Œ†„ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê‹’•Œ’‘—„ê“’Œ†œêŠ„“–ê„‘‡ê Œ‘ŽŒ‘Šê„ê“’Œ†œê‰Œˆ‡ê„†—’•–ê—’ê„ꆒ’“ˆ•„—Œ‘Šê µ“’Œ†œê†’˜‘Œ—œ­´ê—‹Œ–ꎌ‘‡ê’‰êŒ‘—ˆ•‰„†ˆê†„‘ê …ˆê…˜Œ—ê—‹•’˜Š‹êˆ›—ˆ‘–Œ™ˆê˜–ˆê’‰ê’‡ˆ•‘ꌑ¾

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Š•„—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆê’™ˆ•„ê•„—Œ’‘„ê“’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê ‰•„ˆš’•Žê„‘‡ê“•’‡˜†ˆ–ꌑ†’‹ˆ•ˆ‘—±êŒ‘ˆ‰‰ˆ†¾ —Œ™ˆê„‘‡êŒ‘ˆ‰‰Œ†Œˆ‘—ê„““Œˆ‡ê“’Œ†Œˆ–­ w˜…Œ†ê“’Œ†Œˆ–ê…ˆ†’ˆêˆ™ˆ‘ꏈ––ꈉ‰ˆ†¾ —Œ™ˆêŒ‘–’‰„•ê„–ê—‹ˆê™ˆ•—Œ†„ê…•ˆ„†‹ê†’˜“ˆ–ê šŒ—‹ê„ê‹’•Œ’‘—„ê’‘ˆ±ê„–ꌖꘖ˜„œê—‹ˆê†„–ˆ­ê w’Œ†œê’˜—†’ˆ–ê„•ˆê’–—œê—‹ˆê†’‘˜‘†—Œ’‘ê’‰ê ‡Œ–—Œ‘†—Œ™ˆê“•’†ˆ––ˆ–ꌑꇌ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê“’Œ†œê‰Œˆ‡–­ê m˜êˆ“’œˆ‘—±ê‰’•êˆ›„“ˆ±ê†„‘ê’‘œê…ˆê ˆ‘–˜•ˆ‡ê—‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆê’Œ‘—ꈉ‰’•—–ꒉꈆ’‘’Œ†±ê Œ‘‡˜–—•Œ„±êˆ‡˜†„—Œ’‘„±ê™’†„—Œ’‘„ê—•„Œ‘Œ‘Š±ê •ˆŠŒ’‘„ê‡ˆ™ˆ’“ˆ‘—±ê„‘‡ê–’†Œ„ê„‘‡ê„…’•ê „•Žˆ—ꕈŠ˜„—Œ’‘ê“’Œ†Œˆ–­ {‹ˆêŒ‘„…ŒŒ—œê’‰ê‰˜ê†’˜‘Œ†„—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê †’’“ˆ•„—Œ’‘ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ꄏê—‹ˆ–ˆê‡Œ–—Œ‘†—Œ™ˆê “’Œ†œê†’‘–—Œ—˜ˆ‘†Œˆ–ê„‘‡ê‘ˆ—š’•Ž–ê’‰—ˆ‘ê •ˆ–˜—–ꌑꓒ’•ê“’Œ†œê’˜—†’ˆ–­ês’’–ˆê„‘‡ê Œ‘ˆ‰‰ˆ†—Œ™ˆê‹’•Œ’‘—„ê†’˜‘Œ†„—Œ’‘–ꌖê„ê ™ˆ•œê†’’‘ê„‘‡êšŒ‡ˆ–“•ˆ„‡ê‡ˆ‰ˆ†—ꒉꆒ‘¾ —ˆ“’•„•œê“’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šê„‘‡ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê –œ–—ˆ–­êw˜…Œ†ê„Šˆ‘†Œˆ–ꈑ—•ˆ‘†‹ê—‹ˆ–ˆ™ˆ–ê šŒ—‹êŒ‘–—Œ—˜—Œ’‘„±ê“•’†ˆ‡˜•„ê„‘‡ê†’˜‘Œ†„¾ —Œ’‘„ê‰’•—Œ‰Œ†„—Œ’‘–±êˆ•ˆ†—ˆ‡ê—‹•’˜Š‹’˜—ê—‹ˆŒ•ê ‹Œ–—’•Œ†„ê‡ˆ™ˆ’“ˆ‘—­ {‹ˆ•ˆ‰’•ˆ±ê„ê…Œ¾‡Œˆ‘–Œ’‘„êŒ–’„—Œ’‘ê’†¾ †˜•–ꌑꗋˆê“˜…Œ†ê“’Œ†œê–“‹ˆ•ˆê‰ŒŠê¡Ã®ê‘’—ê ’‘œê„Ꙉ•—Œ†„±êŒ‘—•„¾’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘„êµ…•ˆ„†‹´ê Œ“ˆ‡ˆ–ꉌˆ‡êŒ‘—ˆŠ•„—Œ’‘ê…˜—ꄏ–’ê„ê‹’•Œ’‘—„ê Àꗕ„‘–¾’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘„êÀꊄ“ꍈ’“„•‡Œˆ–ꉌˆ‡ê †’‘‘ˆ†—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê†’“ˆ—Œ’‘­

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NISPAcee

occasional papers ‰’•„—Œ’‘„ê„‘‡ê†’˜‘Œ†„—Œ’‘ê—ˆ†‹‘’’ŠŒˆ–ê ¢­¡­ {‹ˆên’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆêzœ–—ˆ­ „““Œˆ‡ê„—ꈄ†‹ê„‘‡êˆ™ˆ•œê–—„Šˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê’™ˆ•„ê {‹ˆê“˜•“’–ˆê’‰ê—‹Œ–ê–†‹ˆ„ꉌŠ­ê¢Ãꌖꗒ꒘—¾ “’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê“•’†ˆ––­ Œ‘ˆê—‹ˆê‡’„Œ‘ꒉꗋˆên’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆêzœ–—ˆêŒ‘ê v‘ˆê‰„†ˆ—ꒉꗋŒ–ê“•’†ˆ––ꐘ–—ꅈꄖ–’†Œ¾ …•’„‡ê—ˆ•–±ê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê„Œ‘ꄆ—’•–ê„‘‡ê „—ˆ‡êšŒ—‹ê—‹ˆê—•„‘–†•Œ“—Œ’‘ꒉꆘ••ˆ‘—ê“’Œ†œê •ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê—‹„—ꈛŒ–—ꄐ’‘Š–—ê—‹ˆ­ê{‹ˆ•ˆê „ŽŒ‘Šê“•’†ˆ‡˜•ˆ–ꌑêpj{ꄓ“Œ†„—Œ’‘–±êŒ‘ê „•ˆê—‹•ˆˆê„Œ‘ꄆ—’•–ꌑ–Œ‡ˆê—‹ˆên’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê ’•‡ˆ•ê—’ê–—„‘‡„•‡Œˆ±ê–Œ“Œ‰œê„‘‡ê„††ˆˆ•„—ˆê zœ–—ˆ®ê—‹ˆêw’Œ—Œ†„êzœ–—ˆ±êw˜…Œ†êh‡Œ‘¾ ™ˆ•—Œ†„ê†’’•‡Œ‘„—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê‹’•Œ’‘—„ê‘ˆ—š’•Ž¾ Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê’•êh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆêzœ–—ˆÃê£ê„‘‡ê Œ‘Šê„‘‡±ê—‹˜–±ê‰„†ŒŒ—„—ˆê“’Œ†œêŒ‘—ˆŠ•„—Œ’‘­ z’†Œˆ—œê‡Œ™Œ‡ˆ‡êŒ‘—’ê—š’ê–˜…¾†„—ˆŠ’•Œˆ–ê…˜–Œ¾ nˆ‘ˆ•Œ†ê“•’†ˆ––ê„‘‡ê‡„—„ê–—•˜†—˜•ˆ–±ê ‘ˆ––ˆ–ê„‘‡ê†Œ—Œˆ‘–í „ê‹ŒŠ‹êˆ™ˆê’‡ˆê‰’•ê–—•„—ˆŠŒ†ê“„‘‘Œ‘Šê—’ê {‹ˆên’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆêzœ–—ˆêŒ–ꇈ‰Œ‘ˆ‡ê„–ê—‹ˆê “•’™Œ‡ˆê†’’‘ꇈ‰Œ‘Œ—Œ’‘–±ê™’†„…˜„•œê †’“’–Œ—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆ–ˆê—‹•ˆˆê–˜…¾–œ–—ˆ–­ „‘‡ê„ꆒ‘†ˆ“—˜„ê‰•„ˆš’•Žê‰’•ê “’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘ŠêšŒ—‹Œ‘ê…•’„‡ˆ•ê“’Œ†œê mŒŠ˜•ˆê¢ ‰Œˆ‡¾…„–ˆ‡ê–˜…¾†„—ˆŠ’•Œˆ–ꒉꓘ…Œ†ê n’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆêzœ–—ˆ „Šˆ‘†Œˆ–ê„‘‡ê„ꘑŒ‰œŒ‘Šêµˆ‘—ˆ•“•Œ–ˆê „•†‹Œ—ˆ†—˜•ˆ´ê’‘êš‹Œ†‹ê„ê“˜…Œ†ê „‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê“•’†ˆ––Œ‘Šê„‘‡êŒ‘‰’•¾ „—Œ’‘ê–œ–—ˆ–ê–‹’˜‡ê…ˆê…„–ˆ‡êŒ‘ê ’•‡ˆ•ê—’ê…ˆ†’ˆêŒ‘—ˆ•’“ˆ•„…ˆê„•ˆê –’ˆê†•Œ—Œ†„ê“•ˆ•ˆ”˜Œ–Œ—ˆ–ꉒ•êŒ‘—ˆ¾ Š•„—ˆ‡ê“˜…Œ†ê“’Œ†Œˆ–­ j˜••ˆ‘—œ±ê—‹ˆê“˜…Œ†ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„¾ —Œ’‘êÂwhÃꇒ„Œ‘ꏄ†Ž–ꆒ’‘œê „Š•ˆˆ‡êŠˆ‘ˆ•Œ†ê“’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê’‡ˆ–ê Œ‘Žˆ‡ê—’ꆒ‘—ˆ‘—ê–—„‘‡„•‡–±ê‡ˆ‰Œ‘Œ¾ —Œ’‘–ê„‘‡ê™’†„…˜„•Œˆ–±ê‘’—ê’‘œê„—ê —‹ˆêŠ’…„êˆ™ˆê„’‘Šê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–¾ —•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆ–êš’•‡šŒ‡ˆ±ê…˜—ꈙˆ‘ê Œ‘–Œ‡ˆêˆ„†‹ê†’˜‘—•œê¢­ h—‹’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆê–ˆ“„•„—Œ’‘ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê “’Œ—Œ†„ê„‘‡ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆ–ê‹„–ê…ˆˆ‘ê ‰Œˆ•†ˆœê†•Œ—Œ†Œˆ‡ê…œêwhꖆ‹’„•–ꉒ•ê—‹ˆêµ—ˆ†‹¾ ‘Œ†„´ê–ˆ“„•„—Œ’‘ꌗꌑ—•’‡˜†ˆ–±êŒ—–ê„‘„œ—Œ†„ê “’šˆ•ê–‹’˜‡ê‘’—ꅈꘑ‡ˆ•ˆ–—Œ„—ˆ‡­ h‡‡Œ—Œ’‘„œ±ê—‹Œ–ê–†‹ˆ„ꇈ“Œ†—–ê—‹ˆê “•Œ„•œê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ꄐ’‘Šê—‹ˆê™„•Œ’˜–ê „†—’•–­êz’ˆê’‰ê—‹ˆ–ˆê„•ˆê†’‘–Œ‡ˆ•ˆ‡ê’˜—ê’‰ê –†’“ˆêšŒ—‹ê•ˆŠ„•‡ê—’ê’˜•êš’•Žêˆ­Š­±ê…˜–Œ‘ˆ––¾ —’¾†Œ—Œˆ‘–í hꙈ•œêŒ‘—ˆ•ˆ–—Œ‘Šê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“ꈛŒ–—–ê…ˆ¾ —šˆˆ‘ꆌ—Œˆ‘–ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ­êp‘ê ‡ˆ’†•„—Œ†ê•ˆŠŒˆ–±ê†Œ—Œˆ‘–ꈑ’œê—‹ˆê“•Œ™Œ¾ ˆŠˆê’‰êˆˆ†—Œ‘Šê—‹ˆŒ•ê•ˆ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—„—Œ™ˆ–ê„‘‡ê‰’•¾ ˜„—Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆêŒ‘ê—‹Œ–êš„œ­ê{‹ˆê •ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“ê„‘‡êŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ꉏ’šê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê †Œ—Œˆ‘ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆêŒ‘ê—‹Œ–ê„•ˆ„ê ‹„–ꘖ˜„œê…ˆˆ‘ꄇ‡•ˆ––ˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆêp{ꌑ‡˜–—•œê ˜–Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê—ˆ•êµˆ¾‡ˆ’†•„†œ­´êp‘ꄇ‡Œ—Œ’‘ê—’ê

p‘ê—‹Œ–ê“„“ˆ•±êšˆê“•’“’–ˆê„ꊈ‘ˆ•Œ†ê’‡ˆê’‰ê —‹ˆê“’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê“•’†ˆ––­êp‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê—’ꇈ–ŒŠ‘ê —‹Œ–ꐒ‡ˆ±êšˆê˜–—ꉌ•–—ê–Žˆ—†‹ê„ꊈ‘ˆ•„ê ‡ˆŒ‘ˆ„—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆê’™ˆ•„êŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆê ‰’†˜–Œ‘Šê’‘ê—‹ˆê„Œ‘ꄆ—’•–ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê“•Œ„•œê Œ‘—ˆ•„†—Œ’‘–ꄐ’‘Š–—ê—‹ˆ­êi„–ˆ‡ê’‘ê—‹Œ–ê’˜—¾ Œ‘ˆ±êšˆê—‹ˆ‘ê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—ê„ꐒ•ˆê‡ˆ—„Œˆ‡ê‡Œ„Š•„¾ „—Œ†ê•ˆ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆê“’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê –—„Šˆ–±ê„–ê„ꆒ“ˆ›ê—•„‘–‰’•„—Œ’‘ê“•’†ˆ––ê ’‰ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œØ–ꑈˆ‡–ꌑ“˜—Ãꉒ•ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ê„‘‡ê •ˆŠ˜„—Œ’‘–ê’˜—“˜—Ãꗋ•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆêŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê –œ–—ˆ­

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Volume V • No 2 •Spring 2004

¢­ wyvwvzpunêhêtvkls

e-Governance as a Public Policy Framework

—‹Œ–±ê†Œ—Œˆ‘–ꆄ‘ꇌ•ˆ†—œê„‡‡•ˆ––ê—‹ˆŒ•ê‘ˆˆ‡–ê —’ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ­êt’•ˆê‡ˆ—„Œ–ê’‘ê—‹ˆê„—¾ —ˆ•ê“•’†ˆ––Ꚍê…ˆê‡Œ–†˜––ˆ‡ê…ˆ’š­ s’’ŽŒ‘Šê„—ê—‹ˆê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê „‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê„‘‡ê–’†Œˆ—œêÂh¢zÃ±ê šˆê†’˜‡êˆ‘—Œ’‘ê—‹„—ê—‹Œ–ê„•ˆ„ê‹„–ê…ˆˆ‘ê ’’–ˆœê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œˆ‡ê„–ê—‹„—ꒉ굓˜…Œ†ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆê “•’™Œ–Œ’‘­´êp—ꌖꌐ“’•—„‘—ꗒꐈ‘—Œ’‘ê—‹„—ê —‹ˆê„’•Œ—œê’‰ê—‹ˆê–’¾†„ˆ‡êˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—ê Œ‘Œ—Œ„—Œ™ˆ–ꄇ‡•ˆ––ê—‹Œ–ê„•ˆ„­ê{‹Œ–ê‹„–ê…ˆˆ‘ê ‡’‘ˆ±ê„—ꄑꌑŒ—Œ„ê–—„Šˆ±ê—‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆê‡ˆ™ˆ’“¾ ˆ‘—ê’‰êh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê—’êjŒ—Œˆ‘–êÂh¢jÃꄑ‡ê h‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê—’êi˜–Œ‘ˆ––êÂh¢iÃꉕ’‘—ê’‰‰Œ†ˆê „““Œ†„—Œ’‘–­êo’šˆ™ˆ•±êˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—ê–œ–—ˆê ‡ˆ–ŒŠ‘ˆ•–ê–’’‘ꕈ„Œˆ‡ê—‹ˆêŒŒ—„—Œ’‘–ꒉꖘ†‹ê „““•’„†‹ˆ–ê—‹„—ꏈ‰—ê—‹ˆê…„†Ž¾’‰‰Œ†ˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê„‡¾ Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê“•’‡˜†—Œ’‘ꌑ—„†—­êyˆ†ˆ‘—œ±ê‡ˆ™ˆ¾ ’“Œ‘Šêh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê—’êh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘êÂh¢hÃê ’•ê…„†Ž¾’‰‰Œ†ˆÃꖜ–—ˆ–ê„‘‡ê„““Œ†„—Œ’‘–ê‹„–ê …ˆ†’ˆê„ê“•ˆ•ˆ”˜Œ–Œ—ˆê‰’•ê•ˆ„ŒŒ‘Šêˆˆ†—•’‘Œ†ê –ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ꉒ•ê†Œ—Œˆ‘–ê„‘‡ê…˜–Œ‘ˆ––ˆ–­ê{‹ˆê †’’‘ꘖˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê—ˆ•êˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—ꍘ–—ꉒ•ê µ“˜…Œ†ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘´ê„œê…ˆêŒ–ˆ„‡Œ‘Š±ê „–ê—‹ˆê’—‹ˆ•ê—š’ꕈ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê“’Œ—Œ†„¾„‡¾ Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„‘‡ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ¾–’†Œˆ—œÃꄕˆê ˆ‰—ê’˜—ꒉꗋˆêˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—ê–†’“ˆ­êp‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê —’ꆏ„•Œ‰œê—‹ˆê—ˆ•±êšˆê‹„™ˆê—š’ꄏ—ˆ•‘„—Œ™ˆ–®ê ˆŒ—‹ˆ•êšˆê˜–—ꊈ‘ˆ•„Œˆê—‹ˆêˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—ê ‘’—Œ’‘ꗒꌑ†˜‡ˆê„ê—‹ˆêˆ›Œ–—Œ‘Šê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê “’Œ—Œ†„¾„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆ±ê–’†Œˆ—œ¾“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–¾ —ˆê„‘‡ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆêÆꕈŠ˜„—Œ’‘ê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘Ã±ê’•ê šˆê˜–—ꏈ„™ˆê—‹ˆê—ˆ•êšŒ—‹êŒ—–ꘖ˜„ê†’‘‘’¾ —„—Œ’‘ꍘ–—ꈏˆ†—•’‘Œ†ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘Ãꄑ‡ê †’Œ‘ê„ꑈšêš’•‡ê‰’•êˆ›“•ˆ––Œ‘Šê„ê–˜“ˆ•¾†„––ê —’êš‹Œ†‹êˆ¾Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—±êˆ¾‡ˆ’†•„†œê„‘‡ê “’Œ—Œ†’¾„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆêp{ꖘ““’•—ê„•ˆê–˜…¾ †„––ˆ–­ p‘ê—‹ˆê‰ŒŠ˜•ˆ±ê—‹ˆê‰’’šŒ‘Šê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê †„‘ꄏ–’ꅈꉒ˜‘‡® ì jŒ—Œˆ‘ê—’êjŒ—Œˆ‘êÂj¢jîê{‹Œ–ꕈ„—Œ’‘ꆒ‘¾ –—Œ—˜—ˆ–ê—‹ˆê…„–Œ–ꒉꚋ„—ê‹„–ê…ˆˆ‘ꆄˆ‡ê µjŒ™Œêz’†Œˆ—œ´ê¤ê„‘‡ê„—‹’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆœê…ˆ’‘Šê —’ê—‹ˆêŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆ±ê—‹Œ–Ꚍê‘’—ê…ˆê „‡‡•ˆ––ˆ‡ê‹ˆ•ˆ­ ì i˜–Œ‘ˆ––ê—’êi˜–Œ‘ˆ––êÂi¢iÃꄑ‡êi˜–Œ‘ˆ––ê —’êjŒ—Œˆ‘–êÂi¢jîêh–ꄏ•ˆ„‡œêˆ‘—Œ’‘ˆ‡±ê —‹ˆ–ˆê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê„•ˆê’˜—¾’‰¾–†’“ˆêŒ‘ê’˜•ê š’•Ž­ ì w’Œ—Œ†„êzœ–—ˆê—’êh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆêzœ–—ˆ®ê h—ê—‹Œ–ê“’Œ‘—±ê–’ˆê™ˆ•œêŒ‘—ˆ•ˆ–—Œ‘Šê•ˆ„—Œ’‘¾ ¤

êêi•Œ‡Šˆ–±ê{­ê¡©©¤Ã±ê{‹ˆêj˜—˜•ˆê’‰êjŒ—Œˆ‘–‹Œ“®êp‘™ˆ‘—Œ‘Šê w’–—’‡ˆ•‘êjŒ™Œ†êj˜—˜•ˆ­êu€±êz—„—ˆê|‘Œ™ê’‰êuˆšê€’•Žêw•ˆ––­

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–‹Œ“–ꈛŒ–—ê„‘‡ê„ꆕŒ—Œ†„ê‰’šê’‰êŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ê —„Žˆ–꓏„†ˆ­ês„—ˆ•êŒ‘ê—‹ˆê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆê “’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Š “’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê’‡ˆ±êšˆêšŒê„‡‡•ˆ––ê’‘œê —‹’–ˆê“„•—–ꒉꗋˆ–ˆê‰’š–ê—‹„—ê„•ˆê†’‘‘ˆ†—¾ ˆ‡êšŒ—‹ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆêÆꕈŠ˜„—Œ’‘ê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘­ ì w’Œ—Œ†„ê—’êw’Œ—Œ†„êÂw¢wíêp‘ê—‹Œ–ꆄ—ˆŠ’•œ±ê šˆê†’˜‡êŒ‘†˜‡ˆê™„•Œ’˜–굌‘—ˆ•Œ’•´ê“’Œ—Œ¾ †„ê–œ–—ˆê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ꈭŠ­±ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê “„•Œ„ˆ‘—ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆêŠ’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—±ê—‹ˆê“•ˆ–Œ¾ ‡ˆ‘—ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê“•ŒˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•±ê„’‘Š–—ê—‹ˆê ™„•Œ’˜–ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê“„•—Œˆ–±êˆ—†­Ã­êh—‹’˜Š‹ê —‹ˆ–ˆê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê„•ˆê†•˜†Œ„ê—’ê—‹ˆê ‰˜‘†—Œ’‘Œ‘Šê’‰ê—‹ˆêŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆ±ê—‹ˆœê ‹„™ˆê„——•„†—ˆ‡ê’‘œê—‹ˆê„•ŠŒ‘„êŒ‘—ˆ•ˆ–—ê ’‰ê—‹ˆêp{ꆒ˜‘Œ—œ­ê{‹ˆ–ˆê•ˆ„—Œ’‘–‹Œ“–ê Œ‘—ˆ•ˆ–—ꘖê„ꏒ—ê…˜—ê—‹ˆœê„•ˆêˆ‰—ê’˜—ꉒ•ê—‹ˆê “˜•“’–ˆê’‰ê—‹Œ–ê“„“ˆ•­

¢­¢­ {‹ˆêw’Œ†œêt„ŽŒ‘Šêw•’†ˆ––­ {‹ˆê—š’ꕈ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—„—Œ’‘–ê—‹„—ꉒ’šê…ˆ’šê ’‡ˆê—‹ˆê“•’†ˆ––ê—‹„—ꇈ–†•Œ…ˆ–ê„ꊈ‘ˆ•Œ†ê “’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê“•’†ˆ––­

¢­¢­¡ h‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê—’êz’†Œˆ—œê Œ‘—ˆ•„†—Œ’‘ê–†‹ˆ„­ {‹ˆê‰Œ•–—ꕈ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—„—Œ’‘±êÂmŒŠ­ê£Ã±êŒ–ꔘŒ—ˆê –Œ“ˆê„–ꌗꓕˆ–ˆ‘—–ê„ꐄ†•’–†’“Œ†±ê‹ŒŠ‹¾ˆ™ˆê „‘‡êŠˆ‘ˆ•Œ†ê•ˆ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—„—Œ’‘® mŒŠ˜•ˆê£ h¢zꌑ—ˆ•„†—Œ’‘ꅏ„†Ž¾…’›

{‹ˆêŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê„‘‡ê„‡¾ Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê“˜–ꌑ—ˆ•„†—Œ’‘ꌑ—ˆ•‰„†ˆê šŒ—‹ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œ±êŒ‘†˜‡Œ‘Šê†’ˆ†—Œ™ˆê•ˆ“•ˆ¾ –ˆ‘—„—Œ™ˆê…’‡Œˆ–±ê†’‘–˜—„—Œ’‘ꌑ–—Œ—˜—Œ’‘–ê „‘‡ê“•’†ˆ––ˆ–ꄖꚈê„–ꉒ•„ê„‘‡êŒ‘‰’•„ê †’˜‘Œ†„—Œ’‘ꆋ„‘‘ˆ–Ãꕈ†ˆŒ™ˆ–ꄖꌑ“˜—ê —‹ˆê‘ˆˆ‡–ꒉꗋˆê–’†Œˆ—œê„‘‡ê„‰—ˆ•ê“•’†ˆ––Œ‘Šê

NISPAcee

occasional papers —‹ˆ±ê“•’‡˜†ˆ–ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ê„‘‡ê•ˆŠ˜„—Œ’‘–ê—’ê „‡‡•ˆ––ê—‹ˆ–ˆê‘ˆˆ‡–­ {‹Œ–ꅏ„†Ž¾…’›ê™ŒˆšêŒ–ꘖˆ‰˜ê‰’•ê„ê…ˆ—¾ —ˆ•ê˜‘‡ˆ•–—„‘‡Œ‘Šê’‰ê„ê–œ–—ˆØ–ꓘ•“’–ˆê„‘‡ê —ˆ’–­

¢­¢­¢ {‹ˆêp‘—ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡êw’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šê t’‡ˆ {‹ˆê–ˆ†’‘‡ê–†‹ˆ„ꊒˆ–ꌑ—’ꐒ•ˆê‡ˆ—„Œê „‘‡ê‡ˆ†’“’–ˆ–ê—‹ˆê“•ˆ™Œ’˜–ꅏ„†Ž¾…’›ê „““•’„†‹êŒ‘—’Ꙅ•Œ’˜–ê“‹„–ˆ–ꉌŠ­ê¤Ã­ê{‹ˆê Šˆ‘ˆ•Œ†ê‡ˆ–†•Œ“—Œ’‘ꘓ’‘êš‹Œ†‹ê—‹Œ–ꐒ‡ˆêŒ–ê …„–ˆ‡±ê–ˆ†˜•ˆ–ê—‹ˆê„““Œ†„…ŒŒ—œê’‰ê—‹ˆê„——ˆ•ê —’ꄏê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ꓘ…Œ†ê“’Œ†œê‰Œˆ‡–ꈭŠ­±ê˜•…„‘ê “„‘‘Œ‘Š±ê–ˆ†˜•Œ—œ±ê“˜…Œ†ê‹ˆ„—‹±êˆ‡˜†„—Œ’‘±ê ‡ˆ™ˆ’“ˆ‘—±êˆ—†­Ã­ mŒŠ˜•ˆê¤ {‹ˆêp‘—ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡êw’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šêt’‡ˆ

h–ꄏ•ˆ„‡œêˆ‘—Œ’‘ˆ‡±ê—‹ˆêp‘—ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡ê w’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Š t’‡ˆê•ˆ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—–ꌑꐒ•ˆê‡ˆ—„Œê t’‡ˆ —‹ˆê—•„‘–‰’•„—Œ’‘ê“•’†ˆ––ꒉꖒ†Œ„ê‘ˆˆ‡–ê —’ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆêÆꕈŠ˜„—’•œê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘­ê{‹ˆ•ˆê„•ˆê —‹•ˆˆê„Œ‘ê–˜…¾–œ–—ˆ–ꌑ™’™ˆ‡êŒ‘ê—‹ˆêp‘¾ —ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡êw’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Š —ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡êw’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šêt’‡ˆ®ê–’†Œˆ—œê‰•’ê š‹ˆ•ˆêˆ™ˆ•œ—‹Œ‘Šê–—„•—–ê„‘‡êˆ‘‡–ñꗋˆê„‡Œ‘¾ Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–˜…¾–œ–—ˆ–­ h†—˜„œ±ê–’†Œˆ—œêŒ–ê—‹ˆê˜—Œ„—ˆêµ†Œˆ‘—´ê —‹„—ꐘ–—ꅈꖈ•™ˆ‡­êm’•ê—‹Œ–ꕈ„–’‘±ê–’†Œˆ—œê ‹„–ꇈˆŠ„—ˆ‡ê“’šˆ•ê—’ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–˜…¾–œ–¾ —ˆ±ê„†Ž‘’šˆ‡ŠŒ‘Šê—’ê—‹ˆê„——ˆ•ê‰˜‘†—Œ’‘–ê’‰ê „ê“•Œ„•œêµ–ˆ•™ˆ•´ê—’š„•‡–ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œ­êp‘ê ‡ˆ’†•„—Œ†ê•ˆŠŒˆ–±ê—‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆêˆˆ†—Œ’‘ê“•’†¾ ˆ––±ê–’†Œˆ—œê‡ˆ†Œ‡ˆ–êš‹ˆ—‹ˆ•ê„ê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†ê–ˆ•™ˆ•ê “’Œ—Œ†„ê“„•—œÃꋄ–ê–˜††ˆ––‰˜œê’‰‰ˆ•ˆ‡êŒ—–ê –ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–꒕ꌉꗋˆ•ˆêŒ–ê„ꑈˆ‡ê—’ê—ˆ–—ê„‘’—‹ˆ•ê —œ“ˆê’‰ê–ˆ•™ˆ•ê†„ŒŒ‘Šê—’ê’‰‰ˆ•êˆŒ—‹ˆ•ê–’ˆ¾ —‹Œ‘Šê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê’•ê—‹ˆê–„ˆê…˜—ꐒ•ˆêˆ‰‰Œ†Œˆ‘—œ­

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êê~ˆ…ˆ•êt­±ê¡©¥¨Ã±êµw’Œ—Œ†–ê„–ê„ê}’†„—Œ’‘´±êŒ‘êj­ê~•ŒŠ‹—êtŒ–±ê Âl‡Ã±ê¡©¥¨Ã±êm•’êt„›ê~ˆ…ˆ•®êl––„œ–ꌑêz’†Œ’’Šœ±êv›‰’•‡ê |‘Œ™ˆ•–Œ—œêw•ˆ––±ê¤©ªê“

Volume V • No 2 •Spring 2004

p‘ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê“•Œ„•œê†Œˆ‘—ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê “•Œ„•œê–ˆ•™ˆ•±ê—‹’˜Š‹±êŒˆ–ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê –œ–—ˆ­êo’šê‡’ˆ–ê—‹Œ–ê–œ–—ˆêŠ„Œ‘ꌗ–ꏈŠŒ—Œ¾ „†œ¸ê~‹’ê„––ŒŠ‘ˆ‡êŒ—ꈛˆ†˜—Œ™ˆê“’šˆ•–¸ê p—–ê•’ˆ±ê“•ˆ–˜ˆ‡ê…œêŒ—–ê“’–Œ—Œ’‘±êŒ–ê—‹„—ê’‰ê„ê …•’Žˆ•­êp—–ê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†ê‰˜‘†—Œ’‘–ê„–ê„ê…•’Žˆ•ê„•ˆê „‘„œˆ‡ê–ˆ“„•„—ˆœêŒ‘ê—‹ˆê—š’ꇌ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê“„•—–ê ’‰ê—‹ˆê’‡ˆêŒ—ꌖꌑ™’™ˆ‡êŒ‘­ k˜•Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆêÆꕈŠ˜„—Œ’‘ê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘ê “•’†ˆ––ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„¾„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆêŒ‘—ˆ•„†¾ —Œ’‘–ê…ˆ†’ˆê„†—Œ™„—ˆ‡­êt’•ˆê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†„œ±ê—‹ˆê ‰’’šŒ‘ŠêŒ‘—ˆ•„†—Œ’‘ê„‘‡êŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ꉏ’šê ’††˜•–ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê—‹•ˆˆê–˜…¾–œ–—ˆ–® ì m•’ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê—’ꄇŒ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆ±ê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘–ê „‡ˆê…œê—‹ˆê‰’•ˆ•ê„‘‡êŒ“’–ˆ‡ê—‹•’˜Š‹ê „ꏈŠŒ—Œ„—ˆ‡ê‡’Œ‘„‘†ˆê„‰—ˆ•š„•‡–ê—’ê —‹ˆê„——ˆ•­ê{‹Œ–ꇒŒ‘„‘†ˆêŒ‘ê ‡ˆ’†•„†œêŠ„Œ‘–ꌗ–ꏈŠŒ—Œ„†œê —‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆêˆˆ†—’•„—ˆê„‘‡êŒ–ê “•„†—Œ†„œêŒ“ˆˆ‘—ˆ‡êšŒ—‹ê —‹ˆê“‹œ–Œ†„ê“•ˆ–ˆ‘†ˆê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê ˆ›ˆ†˜—Œ™ˆê“’šˆ•ê’‰ê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–¾ —ˆ•–ꌑ–Œ‡ˆê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê –—•˜†—˜•ˆê—‹ˆœê‹ˆ„‡­ ìêm•’ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê—’ê“’¾ Œ—Œ†„±ê‡˜•Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê‰Œ•–—ê–—„Šˆê ˜“š„•‡–ꐒ™ˆˆ‘—ꒉꌑ‰’•¾ „—Œ’‘Ãꌑ‰’•„—Œ’‘ꊄ—‹ˆ•ˆ‡ê …œê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê ‡ˆ–†•Œ…Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—„ê‘ˆˆ‡–ê „‘‡ê„—ê„ꏄ—ˆ•ê–—„Šˆê‡’š‘š„•‡–ê ’™ˆˆ‘—ꒉꌑ‰’•„—Œ’‘Ã±ê ˆ›“ˆ•—Œ–ˆê„‘‡ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê Ž‘’šˆ‡Šˆê•ˆŠ„•‡Œ‘Šê‹’šê—’ê •ˆ„Œˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘–­ {‹ˆê’‡ˆêŒ–ê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—ˆ‡ê„–ê„ꆌ•†ˆê–—„•—Œ‘Šê ‰•’ê—‹ˆê…’——’êš‹ˆ•ˆê—‹ˆê–’†Œ„ê‘ˆˆ‡ê‰’•ê†’¾ ˆ†—Œ™ˆê„†—Œ’‘ê—•ŒŠŠˆ•–ê„‘‡ê„†—Œ™„—ˆ–ê—‹ˆêš‹’ˆê –œ–—ˆ­êp‘ꉄ†—±êŒ—ꌖꗋŒ–ꑈˆ‡ê—‹„—ꏈŠŒ—Œ„—ˆ–ê —‹ˆê‘ˆ†ˆ––Œ—œê’‰ê…˜Œ‡Œ‘Šê„ꊒ™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆê „‘‡êˆ‘—•˜–—–ꌗꚌ—‹ê—‹ˆê’‘’“’œê’‰êˆ›ˆ•†Œ–¾ Œ‘Šê“‹œ–Œ†„ê™Œ’ˆ‘†ˆê¥­ê{‹ˆê–†‹ˆ„ꌖꇌ™Œ‡ˆ‡ê Œ‘—’ê—‹•ˆˆê…•’„‡ˆ•ê„†—Œ™Œ—œê“‹„–ˆ–®ê„ê…’——’¾˜“ê w’Œ†œêkˆ–ŒŠ‘ꌑ“˜—ê“‹„–ˆ±ê„ê‹’•Œ’‘—„êw’Œ†œê m’•˜„—Œ’‘êÆêh““•’™„ m’•˜„—Œ’‘êÆêh““•’™„ê“‹„–ˆê„‘‡ê„ê w’Œ†œê p“ˆˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ê’˜—“˜—ê—’“¾‡’š‘ê“‹„–ˆ­ iˆ‰’•ˆê–—„•—Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê‡ˆ—„Œˆ‡ê‡ˆ–†•Œ“—Œ’‘ê’‰ê —‹ˆê’‡ˆ±êŒ—ꌖꌑ—ˆ•ˆ–—Œ‘Šê—’ꐄ“ê—‹ˆê˜““ˆ•ê “„•—ꒉꌗꄖꕈ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—ˆ‡êŒ‘ꉌŠ­£ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–¾

e-Governance as a Public Policy Framework

—ˆê’‘ˆÃꚌ—‹ê—‹ˆêµ‰’•˜„—ˆê“˜…Œ†ê“’Œ†œ´ê „’•ê“˜…Œ†ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê“•’†ˆ––ꦭêh††’•‡¾ Œ‘Šœ±ê—‹ˆêŒ‡‡ˆê“„•—ꄇŒ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê ’‘ˆÃꚋˆ•ˆê—‹ˆê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆê“•’™Œ–Œ’‘ê’††˜•–ê †’••ˆ–“’‘‡–ê—’ê—‹ˆêµ“•’™Œ‡ˆê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ´ê„’•ê “•’†ˆ––­

¢­¢­¢­¡ {‹ˆêw’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šêz—ˆ“– sˆ—Ø–ê—„Žˆê„ꆏ’–ˆ•ê’’Žê„—êš‹„—ê‹„““ˆ‘–ꇘ•¾ Œ‘Šêˆ„†‹ê“‹„–ˆ® l™ˆ•œ—‹Œ‘Šê–—„•—–±ê„–ꄏ•ˆ„‡œêˆ‘—Œ’‘ˆ‡±ê šŒ—‹ê„ê–’†Œˆ—„ê‘ˆˆ‡ê‰’•ê†’ˆ†—Œ™ˆê„†—Œ’‘­ê nˆ‘ˆ•„œ±ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œê‹„–ê—š’êš„œ–ꗒꆒ¾ ˜‘Œ†„—ˆê„ꑈˆ‡ê—’ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ®ê—‹ˆê ‰’•„±ê…˜•ˆ„˜†•„—Œ†ê†‹„‘‘ˆê—‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆê „‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê„ꑘ…ˆ•ê’‰ê„—ˆ•‘„—Œ™ˆê †‹„‘‘ˆ–êš‹Œ†‹ê…œ“„––ê…˜•ˆ„˜†•„†œêŒ‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê —’ꕈ„†‹ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ­ê{‹ˆ–ˆê†‹„‘‘ˆ–ê „œê™„•œê‰•’ê„ꉒ•„ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê“„•—œê’•êunvê —’ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê„““’Œ‘—ˆˆê‹„™Œ‘Šê„‘ꌑ‰’•„ê †’‰‰ˆˆê‡’š‘—’š‘Ꚍ—‹êµ’•‡Œ‘„•œê†Œ—Œˆ‘–­´ yˆ—˜•‘Œ‘Šê—’ê—‹ˆê‰’•„ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê †‹„‘‘ˆêš‹Œ†‹êŒ–ꒉꌑ—ˆ•ˆ–—ꌑꗋŒ–ê“„“ˆ•±ê—‹ˆê ‰Œ•–—ê•’ˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê…ˆ¾ †’ˆ–ê„““„•ˆ‘—®êŒ—ê‹„–ꗒꇈ™ˆ’“ꐈ—‹’‡–ê—’ê ‡ˆ—ˆ•Œ‘ˆê–’†Œˆ—„ê‘ˆˆ‡–­ê|‘ŒŽˆê—‹ˆê‰ˆ›Œ…ŒŒ—œê Œ‘‹ˆ•Œ—ˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆê‘’‘¾„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê†‹„‘‘ˆ–±ê —‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê‹„–ê—’ê–ˆ—ꘓê„ê–œ–—ˆê †„“„…ˆê’‰êŠ„—‹ˆ•Œ‘ŠêŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ꉕ’ê—‹ˆê Šˆ‘ˆ•„ê“˜…Œ†­êp‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê—’ꐄŽˆê—‹Œ–ê–œ–—ˆê ’“ˆ•„—ˆêˆ‰‰ˆ†—Œ™ˆœ±ê—‹ˆê†„“„†Œ—œê‰’•ê‘’—ê’‘œê †’ˆ†—Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê‡ˆ†„•„—Œ™ˆœêˆ›“•ˆ––ˆ‡ê–’†Œˆ—„ê ‘ˆˆ‡–ê…˜—ꄏ–’ê—’êµ–ˆ‘–ˆ´ê‘ˆˆ‡–±ê—‹˜–ꄆ—Œ‘Šê Œ‘ê„ê“•’„†—Œ™ˆêš„œ±ê˜–—ꅈꌑ†˜‡ˆ‡êŒ‘ê—‹Œ–ê –œ–—ˆ­ h‰—ˆ•ê—‹Œ–ꉌ•–—ê–—ˆ“±êµ„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê “•’†ˆ––Œ‘Š´ê‰’’š–­ê{‹Œ–ê“•’†ˆ––Œ‘ŠêŒ–ê„ê ‰Œ•–—ê„——ˆ“—ꅜꗋˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê—’ê ’•Š„‘Œˆê—‹ˆê˜‘–—•˜†—˜•ˆ‡êŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ê—‹„—ê †’ˆ–ꌑꉕ’ê—‹ˆêµŠ„—‹ˆ•Œ‘Š´ê“‹„–ˆ­êj„—ˆŠ’¾ •ŒŒ‘Š±ê—•„‘–„—Œ‘Šê—’ꄇŒ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„‘Š˜„Šˆê „‘‡ê–˜„•ŒŒ‘Šê„•ˆê–’ˆê„–“ˆ†—–ꒉꗋŒ–ê “•’†ˆ––Œ‘Š­ o’šˆ™ˆ•±ê„—ê—‹Œ–ê–—„Šˆê—‹ˆ•ˆêŒ–ꄏš„œ–ê„ê †’‘—•’™ˆ•–Œ„ê“’Œ‘—­ê{‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê ‹„–ê‘’ê•ŒŠ‹—ꗒꆋ’’–ˆê’•êˆ™„˜„—ˆê—‹ˆêŒ‘†’¾ Œ‘Šê‘ˆˆ‡–­êi˜•ˆ„˜†•„†œê‹„–ꗒꅈꆒ“ˆ—ˆœê ‘ˆ˜—•„±ê„ꅏŒ‘‡êŒ‘–—•˜ˆ‘—ê—‹„—ꄆ—–ê’‘œêšŒ—‹ê ’ŠŒ†ê„‘‡ê“•’‰ˆ––Œ’‘„êˆ›“ˆ•—Œ–ˆ­êl™„˜„—Œ’‘ê ¦

êê{„…„‘Œ–±êr­ê„‘‡ê}­êwˆ•Œ–—ˆ•„–ꢪªªÃ±êµ{’š„•‡–ê„‘êl‘—ˆ•“•Œ–ˆê h•†‹Œ—ˆ†—˜•ˆê‰’•êw˜…Œ†êh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘®êhê{’“êk’š‘ê h““•’„†‹­´êl˜•’“ˆ„‘êq’˜•‘„ê’‰êp‘‰’•„—Œ’‘êzœ–—ˆ–­}’­ê©ê Âkˆ†­ê¢ªªªÃ®ê¢¥¢¾¢¦ª­

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ˆ„‘–ꍘ‡Šˆ‘—ê„‘‡ê˜‡Šˆ‘—ꕈ”˜Œ•ˆ–ê„ê–ˆ—ê ’‰ê™„˜ˆ–ꇌ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ꉕ’ê—‹ˆê–ˆ—ꒉꙄ˜ˆ–ꘓ’‘ê š‹Œ†‹ê…˜•ˆ„˜†•„†œê‹„–ê…˜Œ—ꌗ–ꏈŠŒ—Œ„†œê ‘ˆ˜—•„Œ—œê„‘‡ê“•’‰ˆ––Œ’‘„Œ–Ã­ê{‹ˆ•ˆ‰’•ˆ±ê „ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê”˜ˆ–—Œ’‘ê„•Œ–ˆ–®êp–ꌗꓒ––Œ…ˆê‰’•ê —‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê—’ê“•’†ˆ––ê—‹ˆê „‡‡•ˆ––ˆ‡ê’•ê‰’•š„•‡ˆ‡ê‡ˆ„‘‡–ꑈ˜—•„œ¸ê v•êŒ–ê—‹ˆ•ˆê„š„œ–ꄑꌑ‡Œ•ˆ†—ꌑ—ˆ•™ˆ‘—Œ’‘ê’‰ê —‹ˆê„——ˆ•ê—’ê—‹ˆê‰’šê’‰êŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ꉕ’ê—‹ˆê “•Œ„•œê†Œˆ‘—ê—’ê—‹ˆê“•Œ„•œê–ˆ•™ˆ•±ê„†—Œ‘Šê „–ê„ꉌ—ˆ•ê…„–ˆ‡ê’‘Ꙅ˜ˆ–ê„‘‡ê†•Œ—ˆ•Œ„ê‘’‘¾ˆ›¾ “Œ†Œ—œêˆ›“•ˆ––ˆ‡¸êv‰ê†’˜•–ˆ±ê—‹ˆ–ˆê”˜ˆ–—Œ’‘–ê šŒê‘’—ꅈꄇ‡•ˆ––ˆ‡êŒ‘ê—‹Œ–ê“„“ˆ•­ rˆˆ“Œ‘ŠêŒ‘ꐌ‘‡ê—‹ˆê†’‘—•’™ˆ•–Œ„êˆŠŒ—Œ¾ „†œê—‹„—ꆋ„•„†—ˆ•Œˆ–ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê “•’†ˆ––Œ‘Šê–—ˆ“±êšˆê•ˆ„†‹ê—‹ˆêµ†‹ˆ†Ž¾Œ‘´ê “’Œ‘—ꄖꆄ‘ꅈꖈˆ‘ꌑꗋˆê‰ŒŠ˜•ˆ­ê{‹Œ–ꌖꗋˆê “’Œ‘—êš‹ˆ•ˆê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê‰’šêˆˆ—–ê—‹ˆê „—ˆ•‘„—Œ™ˆê•’’—ꐈ‘—Œ’‘ˆ‡ê“•ˆ™Œ’˜–œ­êm•’ê —‹ˆê’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘„ê“’Œ‘—ꒉꙌˆš±êŒ—ꌖꋈ•ˆê —‹„—Ꚉꘖ˜„œê‰Œ‘‡ê—‹ˆê’‰‰Œ†ˆ–ꒉꗋˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê “ˆ•–’‘‘ˆ­ê{‹ˆœê‡’ê—‹ˆê‹„•‡êš’•Žê’‰ê—•œŒ‘Šê —’ê…„„‘†ˆê„‘‡ê—•„‘–‰ˆ•ê„ê—‹ˆêŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ê —‹ˆœê‰ˆˆêŒ–ꆕŒ—Œ†„ê—’ê—‹ˆêŽˆœê“ˆ•–’‘­êv™ˆ•¾ ‰’šê„—ê—‹Œ–ê“’Œ‘—ꌖꙈ•œê˜–˜„­ê{‹ˆê’‰‰Œ†ˆêŒ–ê …’…„•‡ˆ‡ê…œê†’‘—•’™ˆ•–Œ„ê“•ˆ––˜•ˆ–ê„‘‡ê „‡‡Œ—Œ’‘„ê“•’†ˆ––Œ‘Šê…ˆ†’ˆ–ꌑ‡Œ–“ˆ‘–„…ˆê …ˆ‰’•ˆê—‹ˆêŒ‘‰’•„—Œ’‘ꕈ„†‹ˆ–ꌗ–ê—„•Šˆ—ꌑꗋˆê “’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ­êw•’†ˆ––Œ‘Šê…œê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê „œˆ•±ê—‹’˜Š‹±êŒ–ê–’ˆ—‹Œ‘Šê†’“ˆ—ˆœê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•¾ ˆ‘—ê—‹„‘ê—‹ˆê“•ˆ™Œ’˜–ê—œ“ˆê’‰ê“•’†ˆ––Œ‘Š­êh—ê —‹Œ–ê“’Œ‘—±ê‘ˆ˜—•„Œ—œêŒ–ê‘’—ꄆ†ˆ“—ˆ‡­êzŒ‘†ˆê šˆê‹„™ˆêˆ‘—ˆ•ˆ‡ê—‹ˆê•ˆ„ê’‰ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê –˜…¾–œ–—ˆ±ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê†‹’Œ†ˆê…„–ˆ‡ê’‘ê„ê–ˆ—ê’‰ê “’Œ—Œ†„ê†•Œ—ˆ•Œ„ê‹„–ꗒꅈꕈ„Œˆ‡­êz’†Œˆ—œê‹„–ê ‡ˆˆŠ„—ˆ‡ê—’ê—‹ˆê—‹ˆê“’šˆ•ê—’ꈛˆ•†Œ–ˆê—‹Œ–ê “•Œ™ŒˆŠˆ­êz’ê—‹ˆê’‰‰Œ†ˆêˆ›†˜‡ˆ–ê–’ˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê ‘ˆˆ‡–ꄖꌑ„““•’“•Œ„—ˆêˆ­Š­±ê„–ê‘’—ꆒ“„—¾ Œ…ˆêšŒ—‹ê—‹ˆê–˜““’•—ˆ‡ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê„Šˆ‘‡„Ãꄑ‡ê “•ˆ–ˆ‘—–ê„ꉌ‘„êŒ–—ꒉꌖ–˜ˆ–ꗒꅈꄇ‡•ˆ––ˆ‡ê …œê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆ­ h—ê—‹Œ–ê“’Œ‘—±êšˆê‹„™ˆê•ˆ„†‹ˆ‡ê—‹ˆê“‹„–ˆê ’‰ê“•Œ’•Œ—ŒŒ‘Š­ê{‹Œ–ê“‹„–ˆêŒ–꓈•‹„“–ê—‹ˆê †ˆ‘—•„ê‰˜‘†—Œ’‘ꒉꗋˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆêŒ‘ꄏê •ˆŠŒˆ–­êp‘ꇈ’†•„†œê’•ˆê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†„œ±ê ‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê„““•’„†‹ˆ–ê„•ˆêˆ™„˜„—ˆ‡ê …œê—‹ˆêˆˆ†—’•„—ˆê‡ˆ“ˆ‘‡Œ‘Šê’‘ê‹’šê“’Œ—Œ†„ê “ˆ•–’‘‘ˆê“•Œ’•Œ—Œˆê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œê‘ˆˆ‡–ê—‹„—ꄇ¾ ‡•ˆ––ê—‹ˆ±ê„‰—ˆ•ê—‹ˆê„‰’•ˆ¾‡ˆ–†•Œ…ˆ‡ê“‹„–ˆ–­ê m’•ê„ꆌ—Œˆ‘±ê…ˆŒ‘Šê„ꐈ…ˆ•ê’‰ê„ê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†ê “„•—œêˆ„‘–ꄆ†ˆ“—„‘†ˆê’‰ê’‘ˆê“•’“’–ˆ‡ê “•Œ’•Œ—Œ„—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê•ˆˆ†—Œ’‘ꒉꄑ’—‹ˆ•­ê{‹ˆê

NISPAcee

occasional papers ˆˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•Ã±ê‹„–ê—’ê’•Š„‘Œˆê„‘‡ê“•„†—Œ†„œê ˆ›ˆ†˜—ˆêš‹„—êš„–ꕈ”˜ˆ–—ˆ‡­ê~‹„—ꌖꗋˆê•’ˆê ’‰ê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•ê‘’š¸êp–ê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•ê–—Œê„†—Œ‘Šê „–ê„ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê“ˆ•–’‘„Šˆê‡˜•Œ‘Šê—‹Œ–ꕈ„Œ„—Œ’‘ê “‹„–ˆ¸êi„–Œ†„œ±ê‘’·ê{‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘–ê šˆ•ˆê„‡ˆê‡˜•Œ‘Šê—‹ˆê“•ˆ™Œ’˜–ê–—ˆ“–ꈭŠ­±ê š‹ˆ‘ê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•½Š’™ˆ•‘ˆ‘—꽓„•Œ„ˆ‘—ê “•Œ’•Œ—Œˆ‡ê—‹ˆê‘ˆˆ‡–ꒉꗋˆê–’†Œˆ—œê—’ꅈꆒ™¾ ˆ•ˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—•œÃ­êu’šê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•ê“„œ–ê —‹ˆê•’ˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê—•˜–—ˆˆê„Šˆ‘—ê„““’Œ‘—ˆ‡ê…œê —‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆê—’ꐄ‘„Šˆê—‹ˆê•ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘ê ’“ˆ•„—Œ’‘ê—‹„—Ꚍê…ˆêˆ›ˆ†˜—ˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘¾ Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆ­ê{‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•ê…ˆ†’ˆ–ê„ꐄ‘¾ „Šˆ•ê•ˆ–“’‘–Œ…ˆê‰’•ê—‹ˆê“•„†—Œ†„ê•ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘ê’‰ê „ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê„Šˆ‘‡„­êh‘‡ê„–ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆê š„‘—–ê„ê“’Œ—Œ†„œê‡ˆ‡Œ†„—ˆ‡ê„‘„Šˆ•±ê—‹ˆê Œ‘Œ–—ˆ•êŒ–ê“•ˆ‰ˆ••ˆ‡ê—’ê„ê—ˆ†‹‘’†•„—­ê{’Šˆ—‹ˆ•ê šŒ—‹ê—‹ˆêˆ›“ˆ•—–ꒉꕈ„Œ„—Œ’‘ꓘ…Œ†ê„‡Œ‘¾ Œ–—•„—Œ’‘ê“•’‰ˆ––Œ’‘„–ñꗋˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•ê—•Œˆ–ê—’ê •ˆ„Œˆê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘–ê„‘‡ê—’ê“•’‡˜†ˆê †’‘†•ˆ—ˆê•ˆ–˜—–­ z’ê—‹ˆêµ•ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘´ê“‹„–ˆê†’‘–—Œ—˜—ˆ–ê —‹ˆê„Œ‘ê„•ˆ„ꉒ•ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„†—Œ’‘­ê{‹ˆê ‰•„ˆš’•Žê„‘‡ê•˜ˆ–ê‹„™ˆê…ˆˆ‘ꇈ†Œ‡ˆ‡ê„‘‡ê Œ“ˆˆ‘—„—Œ’‘ê–—„•—–­êhê„†—Œ™Œ—Œˆ–ꕈ„—ˆ‡ê —’ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê“•’‡˜†—Œ’‘ꒉꖈ•™Œ†ˆ–ê „•ˆêŒ‘Žˆ‡ê—’ê—‹ˆêµ•ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘´ê“‹„–ˆ­êi˜Œ‡Œ‘Šê ’•ê’“ˆ•„—Œ‘Šê„ê‹’–“Œ—„±ê–„‰ˆŠ˜„•‡Œ‘Šê–ˆ†˜•Œ—œê Œ‘ê—‹ˆê†Œ—Œˆ–±ê“•’™Œ‡Œ‘Šê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ꗒꈑ—•ˆ“•ˆ¾ ‘ˆ˜•–±ê“•ˆ™ˆ‘—Œ‘Šê’•ê•ˆŒ…˜•–Œ‘Šê™Œ†—Œ–ê’‰ê ‘„—˜•„ê‡Œ–„–—ˆ•–²ê—‹ˆê“•’‡˜†—Œ’‘ꒉꄏê—‹ˆ–ˆê –ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ꆏˆ„•œê…ˆ’‘Š–ê—’ê—‹Œ–굕ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘´ê –—„Šˆ­ ~‹„—ꉒ’š–ꑈ›—ꌖꗋˆê‡ˆˆ—ˆê‡Œ–—•Œ…˜¾ —Œ’‘­ê~ˆê‹„™ˆêŒ‘—ˆ‘—Œ’‘„œê–ˆ“„•„—ˆ‡ê—‹ˆê “•’‡˜†—Œ’‘ê“‹„–ˆê•ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘Ãꉕ’ê—‹ˆê ‡Œ–—•Œ…˜—Œ’‘ê“‹„–ˆ±ê“•’“’–Œ‘Šê„ê—ˆ†‹‘Œ†„ê…˜—ê ˜–ˆ‰˜ê–ˆ“„•„—Œ’‘ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘êš‹„—ê‹„–ê…ˆˆ‘ê †„ˆ‡ê—‹ˆê‰•’‘—ê„‘‡ê—‹ˆê…„†Ž¾’‰‰Œ†ˆ­ê{‹Œ–ê –ˆ“„•„—Œ’‘±ê„—‹’˜Š‹ê™ˆ•œê†’’‘ꌑ꒗‹ˆ•ê Œ‘‡˜–—•Œˆ–ꈭŠ­±ê‰’’‡±ê…„‘ŽŒ‘ŠêÆꌑ–˜•„‘†ˆ±ê ˆ—†­Ã±ê‹„–ê’‘œê•ˆ†ˆ‘—œê–—„•—ˆ‡ê—’ê„——•„†—ꌑ—ˆ•¾ ˆ–—ꌑꓘ…Œ†ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘±êš‹ˆ•ˆê“•’‡˜†¾ —Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê‡Œ–—•Œ…˜—Œ’‘êš„–ê–˜““’–ˆ‡ê—’ê…ˆê„‘ê Œ‘—ˆŠ•„—ˆ‡ê“„•—ê’‰ê„ꘑŒ”˜ˆê‰˜‘†—Œ’‘­êzŒ‘†ˆê —‹ˆêˆ‘‡ê’‰ê—‹ˆê©ªØ–±ê—‹ˆ•ˆê‹„™ˆê…ˆˆ‘ê–ˆ™ˆ•„ê Œ‘Œ—Œ„—Œ™ˆ–ꉕ’ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘–êš’•‡šŒ‡ˆê—’ê ˆ›“’Œ—ê—‹ˆê„““„•ˆ‘—ꄇ™„‘—„Šˆ–ꒉꇈ„Œ‘Šê –ˆ“„•„—ˆœêšŒ—‹ê“•’‡˜†—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê‡Œ–—•Œ…˜—Œ’‘êŒ‘ê “˜…Œ†ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘­ê{‹ˆêŒ‘—ˆ•ˆ–—Œ‘Šêµ–‹’“¾ “Œ‘Šê„´ê†’‘†ˆ“—ꉒ•ê“˜…Œ†ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ê’•ê—‹ˆê Œ‡ˆ„ꒉꈖ—„…Œ–‹Œ‘Šê†Œ—Œˆ‘ꆈ‘—ˆ•–ê„‘‡êŽŒ’–Ž–ê

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Volume V • No 2 •Spring 2004

“’–Œ—Œ’‘Œ‘Šê’‰êµw•Œ’•Œ—ŒŒ‘Š´ê„—ê—‹ˆê‹ˆ„‡ê’‰ê—‹ˆê ’‡ˆêˆ“‹„–Œˆ–ê—‹ˆê“•’Œ‘ˆ‘—ꌐ“’•—„‘†ˆê —‹„—ê—‹Œ–ê’“ˆ•„—Œ’‘ê‹„–ê’™ˆ•ê—‹ˆêš‹’ˆê–œ–—ˆ­ê iˆŒ‘Šê„ê“’Œ—Œ†„êˆ„‡ˆ•ê„‘‡ê‹„™Œ‘Šê„ꆏˆ„•ê “’Œ—Œ†„ê“’–Œ—Œ’‘ê“•„†—Œ†„œêˆ„‘–ê‹„™Œ‘Šê ˆ›“Œ†Œ—œê“•ˆ–ˆ‘—ˆ‡êœ’˜•ê–ˆ—ꒉꙄ˜ˆ–ê„‘‡ê †•Œ—ˆ•Œ„ꘓ’‘êš‹Œ†‹êœ’˜ê„–ê“’Œ—Œ†„êˆ„‡ˆ•Ãê šŒê˜‡Šˆê„êˆˆ•ŠŒ‘ŠêŒ––˜ˆ–ê„‘‡ê„††’•‡Œ‘Šœê “„†ˆê—‹ˆ±ê‹Œˆ•„•†‹Œ†„œê’•‡ˆ•ˆ‡±êŒ‘꜒˜•ê “’Œ—Œ†„ê„Šˆ‘‡„­ê{‹ˆê„Œ‘ê’˜—“˜—ꒉꗋŒ–ê–—ˆ“ê –‹’˜‡ê…ˆê„ê‹Œˆ•„•†‹Œ†„œê•„‘Žˆ‡êŒ–—ꒉꓒŒ—Œ¾ †„ê{’¾k’–±ê’•êŒ‘ê’—‹ˆ•êš’•‡–±ê„ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê“„‘­ ~Œ—‹ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘ê’††˜••Œ‘Šê„—ê —‹ˆê“•Œ’•Œ—ŒŒ‘Šê“‹„–ˆ±êšˆê–—„•—ꐒ™Œ‘Šê‡’š‘¾ š„•‡–ꌑꗋˆê’‡ˆ­ê{‹ˆê˜“š„•‡ê’™ˆˆ‘—ê š„–ê—‹ˆê‰’šê’‰ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œê‘ˆˆ‡–ê—’š„•‡–ê—‹ˆê ‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘¾„Žˆ•–ê’•ê“•Œ„•œê–ˆ•™ˆ•–òꗋˆê ‡’š‘š„•‡ê’™ˆˆ‘—ꌖꗋˆê‰’šê’‰ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ¾ †„ê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘–ê’•ê’•‡ˆ•–Ãꗒꗋˆê˜—Œ„—ˆê†Œˆ‘—­ {‹ˆê“•Œ’•Œ—ŒŒ‘Šê“‹„–ˆêŒ–ꉒ’šˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆê µ„––ŒŠ‘Œ‘Š´ê“‹„–ˆ­êp‰ê—‹ˆê‰’•ˆ•ê†ˆ„•œêˆ›¾ “•ˆ––ˆ–ê“’Œ—Œ†„êŒ‡ˆ’’Šœ±ê—‹ˆê–ˆ†’‘‡ê‡ˆ„–ê šŒ—‹ê“’Œ—Œ†„ê’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘ê„‘‡ê“•„†—Œ†„Œ—œ­êp‘ê —‹Œ–ê“‹„–ˆ±ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–˜…–œ–—ˆê‡ˆˆŠ„—ˆ–ê Œ—–ꏈŠŒ—Œ„†œê—’ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„†—’•ê—’ê •ˆ„Œˆê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆØ–ꌇˆ„–ê„‘‡ê“•Œ’•Œ¾ —Œˆ–­êo’šˆ™ˆ•±ê„–ꆄ‘ꅈꖈˆ‘ꌑꗋˆêmŒŠ–­ê£Æ¤±ê —‹ˆ•ˆêˆ›Œ–—–ꄑꄏ—ˆ•‘„—Œ™ˆê†‹„‘‘ˆê‰’•ê•ˆ„¾ ŒŒ‘Šê“’Œ—Œ†„êŒ‡ˆ„–®ê—‹ˆê“•Œ™„—ˆê–ˆ†—’•ê†„‘ꄆ—ê „–ꄑꄏ—ˆ•‘„—Œ™ˆê“•’™Œ‡ˆ•ê’‰ê“˜…Œ†ê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ê —’ê–’†Œˆ—œ­ê{‹•’˜Š‹êŒ—–ꏈŠŒ–„—Œ™ˆê“’šˆ•±ê—‹ˆê “„•Œ„ˆ‘—ê„––ŒŠ‘–ꇘ—Œˆ–ê—’ê’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘„ê ˆ‘—Œ—Œˆ–ꈌ—‹ˆ•ê“˜…Œ†ê’•ê“•Œ™„—ˆÃꗒꕈ„Œˆê—‹ˆê „Š•ˆˆ‡êÀ꒕ꌐ“’–ˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆê„’•Œ—œêÀꓒŒ—Œ¾ †„ê„Šˆ‘‡„­ê{‹ˆêŒ‡ˆ„–ê„‘‡ê™Œ–Œ’‘–ê…ˆ†’ˆê †’‘†•ˆ—ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê“„‘–±êšŒ—‹ê„†—’•–±ê…˜‡Šˆ—–±ê „††’˜‘—„…ŒŒ—œê„‘‡ê„‘„Šˆˆ‘—­êh’‘Š–—ê ’—‹ˆ•ê—‹Œ‘Š–±ê—‹ˆê–“ˆ†Œ‰Œ†ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆêˆ™ˆê ˆ­Š­±ê†ˆ‘—•„±ê•ˆŠŒ’‘„ê’•ê’†„ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ’‘Ãê ‰’•ê—‹ˆê•ˆ„Œ„—Œ’‘ê“‹„–ˆêŒ–ꇈ†Œ‡ˆ‡­ {‹ˆêµ†‹ˆ†Ž¾’˜—´ê“’Œ‘—ê—‹„—ꉒ’š–êŒ–ê š‹ˆ•ˆê—‹ˆê‡ˆ†Œ–Œ’‘ꏈ„™ˆ–ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–˜…¾ –œ–—ˆê„‘‡ê—‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ–—ˆ•–ꄆ—Œ‘Šê„–ê —‹ˆê„Œ‘ꄆ—’•–Ãꕈ—˜•‘–ê—’ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê –˜…–œ–—ˆê’•ê—‹ˆê“•Œ™„—ˆê–ˆ†—’•Ã­ê~‹„—êwhê “ˆ’“ˆê˜–˜„œê•ˆ†ˆŒ™ˆê‰•’ê—‹Œ–ê–—„ŠˆêŒ–ê„ê „šê—‹„—ê—‹ˆœê‹„™ˆê—’ꈑ‰’•†ˆ­êl‘‰’•†ˆˆ‘—±ê ’‰ê†’˜•–ˆ±ê†„‘ꐈ„‘ê„ꑘ…ˆ•ê’‰ê‡Œ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê —‹Œ‘Š–®êŒ“’–ˆê„‘‡ê†‹ˆ†Žê‰’•ê†’“Œ„‘†ˆ±ê “•’™Œ‡ˆê„ꑈšê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆê—’ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œ±ê…˜Œ‡ê„ê ‘ˆšê’•Š„‘Œ„—Œ’‘±êˆ—†­êu’šê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê –œ–—ˆ±êšŒ—‹ê—‹ˆê‹ˆ“ꒉꗋˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê„““’Œ‘—¾

e-Governance as a Public Policy Framework

—’ꌑ—ˆŠ•„—ˆê†’“ˆ›ê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê“•’†ˆ––ˆ–ê „—ê—‹ˆê‰•’‘—¾ˆ‘‡ê„‘‡ê“•’™Œ‡ˆê–ˆ•™Œ†ˆ–ꉕ’ê„ê –Œ‘Šˆê“’Œ‘—ꄆ†’•‡Œ‘Šê—’ê—‹ˆê’‘ˆ¾–—’“¾–‹’“ê „‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê“„•„‡ŒŠ±ê„•ˆêˆ›„“ˆ–ꒉꗋŒ–ê —•ˆ‘‡­êv‰ê†’˜•–ˆ±ê‹ˆ•ˆê’‘†ˆê„Š„Œ‘±ê—‹ˆê„•ˆ„ê “ˆ•—„Œ‘–ê—’ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„†—’•­ v…™Œ’˜–œ±êšŒ—‹ê—‹ˆêµ‡Œ–—•Œ…˜—Œ’‘´ê“‹„–ˆ±ê —‹ˆêš‹’ˆêŠ’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆê‹„‘‡–ꌗ–ê’˜—“˜—ê —’ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œ­ê{‹ˆê†Œ•†ˆê–—„•—ˆ‡ê‰•’ê—‹Œ–ê –„ˆê“’Œ‘—ê„‘‡êˆ‘‡–ê„Š„Œ‘ꌑꖒ†Œˆ—œ­êz’†Œˆ—œê „–Žˆ‡ê‰’•ê†’ˆ†—Œ™ˆê„†—Œ’‘ê—’ê–’™ˆêŒ‘†’‘–Œ–—¾ ˆ‘†Œˆ–ê—‹„—ê‹„‡êˆˆ•Šˆ‡±ê„‘‡ê‰Œ‘„œê–’†Œˆ—œê Šˆ—–ê„‘ê’˜—“˜—ꆒ‘†ˆ“—˜„Œˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê –œ–—ˆê„‘‡ê•ˆ„Œˆ‡ê…œê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–¾ —ˆ­ê{‹Œ–ê’˜—“˜—ꌖꖘ““’–ˆ‡ê—’ꆒ‘–—Œ—˜—ˆê—‹ˆê µ–’˜—Œ’‘´ê—’ê—‹ˆêŒ‘Œ—Œ„ê–’†Œˆ—„ê‘ˆˆ‡­êi˜—êŒ–êŒ—ê •ˆ„œê–’¸ê~‹„—ê—œ“ˆê’‰ê†’‘—•’–ê„‘‡ê‰ˆˆ‡…„†Žê ˆ†‹„‘Œ––ê„•ˆê‘ˆˆ‡ˆ‡ê—’ê–ˆ†˜•ˆê†’“Œ„‘†ˆê …ˆ—šˆˆ‘êš‹„—êš„–ꕈ”˜ˆ–—ˆ‡ê„‘‡êš‹„—êš„–ê •ˆ†ˆŒ™ˆ‡¸

¢­¢­¢­¢ u’•„—Œ™ˆê„‘‡êŒ‘‡Œ™Œ‡˜„ê “’Œ†œ„ŽŒ‘Šê†œ†ˆ– {‹ˆê–—ˆ“–ꇈ–†•Œ…ˆ‡ê„…’™ˆ±ê“„†ˆ‡ê’‘ê—‹ˆê ’˜—ˆ•ê†œ†ˆê’‰ê‰ŒŠ˜•ˆê¤ê‘’•„—Œ™ˆê†œ†ˆÃ±ê †’‘–—Œ—˜—ˆê—‹ˆê‘’•„—Œ™ˆê–—„Šˆê’‰ê—‹ˆê’™ˆ•„ê “•’†ˆ––­êk˜•Œ‘Šê—‹Œ–ê–—„Šˆê’˜—“˜—±ê’˜—†’ˆê „‘‡ê“•’†ˆ––ê–—„‘‡„•‡–ê„•ˆê–ˆ—ꊈ‘ˆ•„—Œ‘Šê„ê “’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê–œ–—ˆ­ {‹ˆêŒ‘—ˆ•‘„êŒ‘‡Œ™Œ‡˜„ê†œ†ˆê•ˆ“•ˆ–ˆ‘—–ê —‹ˆê—•ˆ„—ˆ‘—ꒉꌑ‡Œ™Œ‡˜„ê„““Œ†„—Œ’‘–ê„‘‡ê ‡ˆ„‘‡–ê—‹•’˜Š‹’˜—ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê„¾ †‹Œ‘ˆ•œê“•’‡˜†Œ‘Šê„‘‡ê‡Œ–—•Œ…˜—Œ‘Šê†’‘†•ˆ—ˆê ‡ˆŒ™ˆ•„…ˆ–ꗒꆒ˜‘Œ—Œˆ–±ê†Œ—Œˆ‘–ê„‘‡ê …˜–Œ‘ˆ––ˆ–±êšŒ—‹Œ‘ê—‹ˆê‘’•„—Œ™ˆê‰•„ˆš’•Žê “•’‡˜†ˆ‡ê„‘‡êŒ‘–—„ˆ‡ê—‹•’˜Š‹ê—‹ˆêˆ›—ˆ•‘„±ê ‘’•„—Œ™ˆ±ê„‘‡ê“’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘Šê†œ†ˆ­

¡–—êj’‘—•’êÀêw’Œ—Œ†„êhš„•ˆ‘ˆ––®êj‹ˆ†Ž–ê—‹ˆê ‡Œ™ˆ•Šˆ‘†ˆê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘êš‹„—ê–’†Œˆ—œê‘ˆˆ‡–ê„‘‡ê š‹„—ê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆê—‹Œ‘Ž–ê–’†Œˆ—œê‘ˆˆ‡– ˆ‰‰ˆ†—Œ™ˆ‘ˆ––ꒉꗋˆê†’˜‘Œ†„—Œ’‘ê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê “’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆê„‘‡ê–’†Œˆ—œÃ­ ¢‘‡êj’‘—•’êÀêh‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆêh††’˜‘—„…Œ¾ Œ—œ®êj‹ˆ†Ž–ê—‹ˆê‡Œ™ˆ•Šˆ‘†ˆê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘êš‹„—ê—‹ˆê “’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆêš„‘—–ê—’ê“•’™Œ‡ˆê—’ê–’†Œˆ—œê„‘‡ê š‹„—ê–’†Œˆ—œê‰Œ‘„œêŠˆ—–ê’˜—ꒉꗋˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„¾ —Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê”˜„Œ—œê’‰ê†’˜‘Œ†„—Œ’‘ê…ˆ¾ —šˆˆ‘ê“’Œ—Œ†„¾„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆ±ê„‡Œ‘¾ Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê†„“„†Œ—œ±êˆ—†­Ã £•‡êj’‘—•’êÀêw’Œ—Œ†„êh††’˜‘—„…ŒŒ—œ®êj‹ˆ†Ž–ê —‹ˆê‡Œ™ˆ•Šˆ‘†ˆê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘ê—‹ˆê•ˆ†ˆŒ™ˆ‡ê‡ˆ„‘‡ ‰•’ê—‹ˆê–’†Œˆ—œê…œê—‹ˆê“’Œ—Œ†„ê–œ–—ˆê„‘‡ê —‹ˆê‰Œ‘„ “’Œ—Œ†„ê“„‘êš‹Œ†‹êŒ–ꆒ˜‘Œ†„—ˆ‡ê …œê—‹ˆê‰’•ˆ•ê—’ê—‹ˆê„‡Œ‘Œ–—•„—Œ™ˆê–œ–—ˆê ‰’•ê„‡‡•ˆ––Œ‘Šê—‹Œ–ꇈ„‘‡ê“’Œ—Œ†„êŒ„…ŒŒ—œ±ê †„“„†Œ—œê‰’•ê“’Œ†œê„ŽŒ‘ŠÃ ¤—‹êj’‘—•’êÀên’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆêyˆ–“’‘–Œ™ˆ‘ˆ––®ê j‹ˆ†Ž–ê—‹ˆê‡Œ™ˆ•Šˆ‘†ˆê…ˆ—šˆˆ‘êš‹„—ê–’†Œˆ—œê ‹„–ê„–Žˆ‡ê‰’• ‹„–ê„–Žˆ‡ê‰’•ê„‘‡ê š‹„—ê–’†Œˆ—œê•ˆ†ˆŒ™ˆ–ꅜꗋˆê Š’™ˆ•‘„‘†ˆê–œ–—ˆê–œ–—ˆê†„“„†Œ—œ±êˆ‘—•’“œ±ê ˆ‰‰ˆ†—Œ™ˆ‘ˆ––±êˆ‰‰Œ†Œˆ‘†œ±êˆ—†­Ã­

¢­¢­¢­£ j’‘—•’–ê„‘‡êmˆˆ‡…„†Ž– p‘ꄇ‡Œ—Œ’‘ê—’ê—‹ˆê–œ–—ˆØ–ꌑ“˜—¾’˜—“˜—ꇈ¾ –†•Œ“—Œ’‘–±êšˆê“•’“’–ˆê‰’˜•ê‰ˆˆ‡…„†Žê’’“– Œ‘ê’•‡ˆ•ê—’ꆒ‘—•’ê–ˆ™ˆ•„ê–œ–—ˆê†‹„•„†—ˆ•¾ Œ–—Œ†–ê—‹„—ꆒ˜‡ê…ˆê“ˆ•†ˆŒ™ˆ‡ê„–ê…ˆŒ‘Šê†•Œ—Œ†„ê –˜††ˆ––ꉄ†—’•–êÂjzm–Ãꉒ•ê—‹ˆê‡ˆˆ—ˆê’™ˆ•„ê –œ–—ˆê’“ˆ•„—Œ’‘­ê~ˆêˆ‘™Œ–Œ’‘ꉒ˜•ê—œ“ˆ–ê’‰ê “•Œ„•œê†’‘—•’–ꗒꅈꄓ“Œˆ‡ê—’ê—‹ˆê–œ–—ˆ­ê l„†‹ê†’‘—•’ê„Œ–ê„—ê“•’™Œ‡Œ‘Šê‰ˆˆ‡…„†Žê„‘‡ê †‹ˆ†Ž–ꌑ—ˆ•‘„ê–œ–—ˆê„‘‡ê–˜…¾–œ–—ˆÃꆄ¾ “„†Œ—œê„—ꇌ‰‰ˆ•ˆ‘—ê–—„Šˆ–­êhꖋ’•—ꇈ–†•Œ“—Œ’‘ê ‰’’š–®

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