Vernacular houses of Datca Peninsula

Towards a Editors C. M ileto F. Vegas L. Garcı^, V. Cristini

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P R O C E E D IN G S O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L C O N F E R E N C E ON V E R N A C U L A R HERITAGE, S U ST A IN A B ILIT Y A N D EA R TH E N A R C H IT E C T U R E , VALE N C IA , SPAIN, 11-13 S E P T E M B E R 2014

Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future

Editors

C. Mileto, F. Vegas, L. G a rd a Soriano & V. Cristini Universitaî Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Group Boca Raton London New York Leiden CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

A BALKEMA BOOK

Cover photo: Vernacular dwellings at Rincön de Ademuz (Valencia). Picture by Vegas & Mileto

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint o f the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ©2015 Taylor & Francis G roup, London, U K Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in G reat Britain by CPI G roup (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY Ali rights reserved. N o part of this publication or the inform ation contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transm itted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, vvithout written prior permission from the publisher. A lthough ali care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the inform ation contained herein. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: Pub.NL@ taylorandfrancis.com www.crcpress.com - www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-1-138-02682-7 (Hbk + CD-ROM ) ISBN: 978-1-315-73690-7 (eBook PD F)

Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future - Mileto, Vegas, Garcı'a Soriano & Cristini (Eds) © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02682-7

Table of contents

xiii

Preface Organization and committees

XV

Conference support

xix

P lenary lectures Vernacular architecture and sustainability: Two or three lessons... M. Vellinga

3

Vernacular architecture in the modern concept o f cultural heritage J.M. Ballester

9

L ectures Conservation of morphological characters as an approach to therm al comfort A.R. Ab d Elrady & M .H. Hassan

15

Domes of adobe and stone on the rural architecture of centre of Castilla y Leön (Spain) O. Abril & F. Lasheras

21

Vernacular heritage solutions for sustainable architecture: The Phlegraean islands M. Achenza, I. Giovagnorio & L. Cannas

27

Approaches to nature in Iranian traditional houses in terms o f environmental sustainability S. A deli & M. Abbasi

33

Conservation of the vernacular heritage in the villages of Bursa, Turkey Z. Ahunbay, T. Ayrancılar, A. Polat & A. Uray

39

Lâguena, a roofing technique in Cam po de Cartagena, Spain /. Almela & L. Martînez

45

Understanding m atter to think and build differently: The amâco project N. Âlvarez, R. Anger, M. M. Bisiaux, H. Houben & L. Fontaine

51

Project proposal for the urban redevelopment of Oia, the sunset town M. Antonelli, C. Crescenzi & V. Grillo

55

Perishable materials architectures in N orthern Italy (from Rom an times to nowadays) A. Antonini

61

Qualitative criteria for defining the safety analysis of O ttom an bath structures K. Apak

69

The habitat of transhum ant shepherds at M goun Valley, High Atlas (Morocco) J. Asencio, J. M. M ateos & R. M. Moreno

75

The construction project of the Moklen ethnic house, Sea Gypsy architecture in Southern Thailand M. Attavanich & H. Kobayashi Sustainability in Saudi vernacular built environment: The case of Al-Ahsa M.K. Attia

v

81 87

Vernacular houses of D atça Peninsula: Architectural typology and its sustainability O.B. Avsar

93

Vernacular architecture in Saudi Arabia: Revival of displaced traditions M. O. Babsail & J. Al-Qawasmi

99

Jordanian vernacular architecture E. Baglioni

105

10-year experience from vernacular architecture to contem porary sustainability M. Balzarıi, P. M assai & L. Rossato

111

Preservation of vernacular schist m asonry farm walls C.E. Barroso, D. V Oliveira & L.F. Ramos

117

Adapting vernacular architecture: The case of the Singapore Cottage in M elbourne R. Beeston & N. Matarredona

123

Preservation and energy behavior in A osta Valley’s traditional buildings C. Bionaz

129

Strategies for energy retrofitting of vernacular architecture of Cabanyal-Canyamelar J. Blarıco, B. Serrano, L. Ortega & L. Soto

135

Straw as construction material for sustainable buildings: Life Cycle Assessment of a post-earthquake reconstruction A. Bonoli, S. Rizzo & C. Chiavetta

143

Studies on vernacular architecture in Italy: The experience of G. Ciribini (1913-1990) D. Bosia

147

Guidelines for rehabilitation of vernacular architecture D. Bosia & L. Savio

153

Perceptions of vernacular architecture G. Bosman & C. Whitfıeld

157

Sustainability features of vernacular architecture in Southern Algeria A. Bouchair

163

The Kasbah of Dellys in Algeria, revitalization and conservation through tourism D. Boussaa

169

Restoration and rehabilitation in Palestine: Hosh el Eteni in the historic centre of Birzeit K. Bs hara, J. Barlet & R. Salem

175

Study of the behaviour of agglomerates with lime: M ortars, concretes, soils M. Camprubi, M. Cönsola & X. Vallory

179

Life Cycle Assessment as a means to grow awareness on the environmental impact of conservation C. Careccia & M. D ’Incognito

185

Open Tools applied to low-tech curved roofings, Elche & Muchamiel, Spain J. Carrasco, J. Bermejo, R Ferrando, A. Enguita & J. Toledo

193

Via Traiana— an ancient route for contem porary territorial development G. Ceraudo & L. Salierno

199

Traditional housing in Calabria: Past and present R. Chimirri

205

VerSus project: Lessons from vernacular heritage for sustainable architecture M. Correia, G.D. Carlos, H. Guillaud, S. Mecca, M. Achenza, F. Vegas & C. M ile t o

211

Vernacular seismic culture in Portugal: On-going research M. Correia, G. D. Carlos, D. Viana & F. Gomes

217

The application of traditional “tube house” in water revitalization M. Dao Le Hong

225

vı

Sustainable living: Environmental integration in 15 vernacular Spanish houses M. de Luxân, G. Gömez & E. Roman Structural analysis of traditional gypsum walls from the 12,h century in Spain B. de Miguel & G. Pardo Guastavino vaulting: A daptation of Spanish vernacular arehiteeture in the USA B. de Miguel, K. Diebolt & G. Pardo Log driving on the Turia river: Spain: Provisional struetures M. Diodato, P. Privitera & S. Garda Sâez Local seismic culture and earthquake-resistant devices: Case study of Casa Baraccata L. Dipascjiıale, D. Omar Sidik & S. Mecca The Sado’s estuary huts, vernacular forms and ways of living the space M. do s San tos Vernacular nıorphology as a preventive solution of local seismic culture G.D. Carlos, M. Correia, D.L. Viana & F. Gomes Aisle-truss houses of N orthern Jutland: Strategies for sustainable design B. T. Eybye Sustainable features in vernacular houses of Shushtar B. Fakharian Primary energy and C 0 2 emissions in vernacular as compared to conventional arehiteeture M. Fernândez, A. Martinez, A. Alonso & V. Llopis Features and conservation issues of stone houses in the inland Abruzzo D. Fiorani Renewable energy sources for rural arehiteeture in fragile landscapes G. Franco & S. F. Musso Thermal zoning and natural ventilation in vernacular Anatolian settlements T. Frank, C. Luke & C. Roosevelt The Porticoes of Bologna: M ethodology for sustainable restoration C. Galli & F. Naldi Lessons from the vernacular arehiteeture in Sierra Mâgina, Jaen J. Garcıa & C. Löpez Study and preservation of a fresquera M. Gems-Vinyals, J. Planelles-Salvans, C. Sanmarü, O. Palou, R. Lacuesta & D. Sandw Climatic analysis methodology of vernacular arehiteeture I.J. Gil, M. M. Barbero & L. Maldonado Arehiteeture by the vineyards: The case of Caudete de las Fuentes R. Gimenez & S. Tomâs Local Seismic Culture in Portugal: Melides dwellings, a reactive approach case study F. Gomes, M. Correia, G. D. Carlos & D. Viana Continuing Tradition: Farms in the northeast region of Portugal J. Gonçalves, R. Mateus & T. Ferreira Ancient techniques, new arehiteeture A. Gonzâlez & M. C. Lazzarini Ensuring survival of vernacular buildings in rural towns (NSW) S. Jackson-Stepowski Organic arehiteeture based on vernacular heritage: The CIRCE building P. Jebens-Zirkel & M. Figols Gonzâlez

A relation between the passive design and local community in Rincon de Ademuz, Spain W. J i

365

M ethodology to characterize the use of pine needles in adobes of Chiapas, Mexico N.J. Jimenez, L.F. Guerrero & F. Jove

371

Bioclimatic analysis for a vernacular G uarani house M. A. Jimenez & L. E. Gonçalves

377

Teaching the vernacular: Lessons for a local sustainable architecture in Chile N. Jorquera

381

A typical island habitat: The baracca of Carloforte F. Juan-Vidal & A. Merlo

387

Transformation between corbelling and lintel: Abrigo and Espigueiro B. Juvanec

393

Exploration of sustainable reform on urban villages in Zhangjiagang X. Kanda & S. Yong

397

Sustainability of the thatched house in Nadasyo village in Fukui prefecture, Japan H. Kobayashi, K. Fukui & H. M itani

403

Gypsum quarries used in Valencian architecture: Past, present and future V La Spina, L. Garcıa Soriano, C. Mileto & F. Vegas

411

Historical centers in Sabine, Italy: Links between architecture and environment S. Landi

419

Sustainability notions in vernacular architecture of Choapa Valley M .L. Lobos, N. Jorquera & F. Pfenniger

425

Form and materiality in contem porary Southern M oroccan architecture J.M. Löpez-Osorio, T. Garda, E. Espana & D. Arredondo

431

H abitat and vernacular architecture of the Sama Range (Bolivia) J.M. Löpez-Osorio, M. Ventura, M. Alves de Freitas & P. Vâsquez

437

Architectures in transform ation in Perü: Tradition and m odernity J.M. Löpez-Osorio, G. Rios & U. Martin

443

Sustainable architecture in the traditional rural environment: M oratalla P.A. Löpez & F.J. Sânchez

449

Gypsum and giant canes in the Sicilian traditional architecture A. Mamı

455

The ornam ent of the south facing turret and the Islamic wall fragment, Valencia (Spain) J. March-Estrada, S. Martinez, S. Kröner & X. Mas-Barberâ

461

Topological and architectonic study of the cave houses in La Romana, Alicante (Spain) A. Martinez, V Blanca & F. Aranda

465

The B4U assessment tool for urban regeneration projects and its Profit indicators C. Mateo & A. Fernândez

471

The impact of using triangular shapes on the N ubian and N ajdi architectural composition N. Mohamed Gharib & W.M.H. Mohamed

477

French vernacular heritage to inspire a new sustainable architecture S. Moriset, N. Sânchez & E. Sevillano

483

Wooden, gypsum and cork floor in the Sicilian construction tradition L. Mormino

489

Restoration of the dry stone m asonry channel at the M onastery o f L’Estany A.J. Morros & B. C. Puigferrat

495

viii

Urban and architectural features of traditional built environment of Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia H.A. M ortada & M. Baleha The impact of updates the N ubian architecture on internal ventilation H. S. M ostafa & A.R. A bd Elrady How to understand vernacular sustainability of earthen architecture only considering the inventory and technical knowledge? I. Moulis, M. Jamin & A. Marcom

501 509

515

“Peasant plaster” : From rocks to decorated ornaments I. Moulis & P. Bertone

521

Cam pania Felix, smaller towns, vernacular and sustainability G. M ultari

527

“Guidelines” for sustainable rehabilitation of the rural architecture S.F. Musso & G. Franco

531

The phenom enon of tourism: Redefining architecture and landscape D. Natoli, A. Vacas, M. A. Garda & L. Diaz del Pino

537

Spatial transform ation of traditional garden houses in H ue Citadel, Vietnam N T. Nguyen & H. Kobayashi

543

A sustainable project collaborating with inhabitants to build gang i (wooden arcades) S. Nishimura, S. Terada & S. Boda In dialogue with the landscape A. Novâk & P. Medgyasszay

551 555

Diagonal tests on adobe panels reinforced by traditional and innovative anti-seismic retrofits D. Omar, F. Ridolfi, L. Rovero & U. Tonietti

561

Sustainability evaluation of materials in architecture J. Orozco & V Climerıt

567

Resilience and intangible heritage o f vernacular architecture B. Özel, L. Dipasquale & S. Mecca

571

Peri urban agriculture as a new strategy of urban development: A case study in Cenaia, Pisa B. Özel, S. Mecca, F. M. Lorusso & L. Dipasquale

577

Self-sustaining vernacular habitats: The case study of M edina of Chefchaouen B. Özel, L. Dipasquale & S. Mecca

583

3D survey for conservation: The case of the Caleo farmhouse in Campi Flegrei A. Pane & C. C. Battaglia

589

The traditional architecture of Cabanyal neighborhood, a sustainable heritage R. M. Pastor & J.L. Higön

595

Energy efficiency of listed buildings in L’Eixample District in Valencia A. Perez & A. Gacırdiola

601

Studies of Persian vernacular heritage and its building identity S. Petralla

607

Exam ination and assessment of the environmental characteristics o f vernacular rural settlements: Three case studies in Cyprus M. Philokyprou, A. Savvid.es, A. Michael & E. M alaktou Hassan Fathy in New Bariz, vernacular heritage and design process A. Picone

ıx

613 619

Vernacular architecture in Campania Felix: Values and conservation problems R. Picone

625

Preliminary studies on traditional tim ber roof structures in G jirokastra, Albania F. Pompejano & K. M erxhani

631

Solar radiation influence on pre-modern openings features: La Çoruna and Valletta P. Privitera, M. Diodato & S. Garcîa Sâez

637

The energy management of the pre-modern expansion: The study case of Russafa (Valencia, Spain) I. Puig, F. Juan- Vidal, B. Serrano & C. Jimenez

643

Identification and analysis of passive energy resources applied in constructions of “La M ancha” region, Spain J.R. Ruiz-Checa, V Cristirıi, J.L. Higön &J.A. Löpez

649

Historical “ghost” towns: Sustainable conservation issues in Southern Italy V. Russo

655

The walls of the Medieval new town of Vertavillo, Palencia (Spain) A. Sainz, J.L. Sâinz & F. Jove

661

Vernacular settlements in Peneda and Laboreiro, Portugal: Spatial organisation G. Sousa & F. Gomes

667

Traditional techniques and materials in the Amalfi Coast: The N orm an Tower in M aiori A. Spinosa, L. Veronese & S. Borea

673

Restoration informed by archaeology of a Mexican-American adobe ranch house I.R. Stiegler, S. Van Wormer & S.D. Walter

679

Moravian master builders and their contribution to sustainability Z. Syrovâ & J. Syrovy

685

Reading vernacular structural system features of Soma-Darkale settlement M. Tanac & O. Yilmaz

691

Sustainability o f compression layers: Timber and concrete compared S. Tomâs, M. Diodato, F. Vegas, C. M ileto & R. Gimenez

695

The house as a moving story: An ethnography of Andean domestic architecture J. Tomasi

701

The transhum ance architecture: H anding down seismic knowledge while migrating S. Tonna, C. Chesi & L. Marino

707

Cultural influences in Mexican vernacular architecture G. Torres

713

Research on the uses of fire in vernacular houses in the Eurasian Continent T. Tsukidate

719

Discordant goals in Alpine rural heritage restoration: Discussion and proposals A. Turat o & V. Feırario

725

The seismic cultures of Tuscany: Garfagnana, Lunigiana and Valtiberina D. Ulivieri

731

0 km conservation F. Vegas & C. Mileto

737

Gypsum vaults in Sicily as a reinterpretation of Catalan vaults R. Verga

741

Preindustrial versus postindustrial architecture and building techniques I. Vestergaard

747

x

Mechanism of traditional screen in the architecture of Louis I. Kahn C. M. Vidal, 1. E. Vidal & M. T. Palomares The Ruka Mapuche: Clues for a sustainable architecture in Southern Chile? C.J. VVhitman, G. Armijo P. &N.J. Turnbull Conservation and management for Fishing Town, a Chinese vernacular heritage site G. Yuan, Y. Yifeng & S. Yong Conservation and sustainable development of China vernacular architecture heritage: Case study on Hanling and Shuimotou C. Yue & S. Yong Research of the values of vernacular architecture heritage concept in China’s rapid urbanization Yuedi Author index

Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future - Mileto, Vegas, Garcı'a Soriano & Cristini (Eds) © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, Lorıdon, ISBN 978-1-138-02682-7

Vernacular houses of Datça Peninsula: Architectural typology and its sustainability O.B. Avsar Department o f Architecture and Design, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey

ABSTRACT: D atça peninsula is located on the west Aegean coastline of Turkey. It is surrounded by sea on three sides forming a foreland but it has acted more like an island because of compelling roads to mainland. Thinking the restraints of the peninsula, the vernacular houses were formed very primitively by native people under the guidance of illiterate builders, and with the help o f simple tools and materials. However what they produce is beautiful, simple, well-balanced and responsive to the user’s needs. Behind the apparent simplicity of these buildings, there is a reliable information-transmission system which is imperceptible at the first glance. The aim of this paper is to understand the vernacular houses of the peninsula, to decipher the codes of their simplicity and beauty and to discover the origins of the knowledge of the patterns in the minds of the native builders. Its contribution to knowledge intends to establish a design approach sustaining the vernacular principles in forming the contem porary architecture of the peninsula.

I

research is to decipher the codes of building pat­ terns in the vernacular houses of D atça peninsula and to generate knowledge within reach of everybody, especially the governors and architects. The idea is to develop a pattern language to understand and sustain values of the vernacular architecture on the peninsula.

IN TR O D U C TIO N

Vernacular buildings are structures developed by the ordinary hum an beings to m aintain their physical and intellectual life, adopting to the challenging restraints of nature and also developing the habit of establishing a harm onious relationship with their surroundings. The builder does not draw the building he is going to construct; neither can he draw even when he wants to do so, nor can he provide a convincing explanation of his decisions. A building as an outcome of craftsmanship is transformed gradually through innumerable mistakes and successes in many centuries within a process of trial and errors. A t the end of this slow and patient search, an amazingly well-balanced structure, also responsive to the user’s needs, is produced (Aran,

2

DACTA PEN İN SU LA

D atça peninsula overhangs in Aegean Sea between Gökova and Hisarönü Bays and is neighboored by the Greek islands; Symi, Kos, Nysros and Tylos (Fig. 1). The famous antique settlement on the peninsula is known as Knidos which was first established on the north-east side where the modern city is settled now and then moved to south-east p art in order to dominate the rising sea trade. Being a member of the D orian Hexapolis in Aegean Sea during the Hellenistic period, Knidos was an im portant harbor city and was famous with its wine. After the decline of Knidos, D atça penin­ sula was conquered by Romans and the other following dom inant civilizations respectively, but had never became a glorious city as Knidos. During the 19th century governing of the peninsula was held by the municipality of Marmaris. In 1928 three neighborhoods settled on the north-east side of the peninsula are gathered and the district of D atça was established with its own municipality (Avsar, 2001).

2000 ).

The vernacular stone houses of D atça penin­ sula enchant the viewer with their artless sculptural forms. The beauty of the houses encourage the contem porary designers to reproduce the ver­ nacular cubical forms in their new designs, however what they produce is generally out of scale or not in harm ony with traditional fabric. It is observed that the new builders on the peninsula are eager to sustain the vernacular house types but they content with only using stone material in cubical forms and shapes. However it is essential to apprehend the inherent design principles of the vernacular houses which are embedded in the minds of the native builders. The aim of this

93

Figüre 1.

Location o f D atça Peninsula (Google earth).

Figüre 2. Avsar).

The m ain district located in the middle of the peninsula is also called D atça and it involves three neighborhoods and nine villages scattered on two sides of the peninsula. While the north-east part of the peninsula has a plain geography, the southeast part is mountainous. However the moderate climate of the region let the rural people to be engaged in agriculture both on plains and mountains. The flora includes olive and alraond trees (Avsar, 2001). 3

economical functions and natural characteristics o f environment. It has survived through the impact o f physical factors as the topography, climate and availability o f water sources, agricultural areas and building materials; as well as socio-cultural factors as the village, social life and customs. This primal type is the result of a collective design language which has been structured and modified by local people. The mono-core dwelling with its single spaced rectangular room is a multi-purpose space where ali activities as sitting, dinning, cooking, storing and even bathing are held. The narrow side dimension of the rectangular unit varies between 4.20 m -4.60 m and the longer side dimension varies between 5.50 m-6.50 m. The dimension of the narrovv side of the rectangle generally depends on the size of the monolithic wooden beam of oak tree which was densely found on the peninsula. The ceiling height is around 3.00 meters, and the height of the one-floor mass from the ground to the roof level is approximately 3.60 meters, in varying sizes between 3.00 and 4.00 meters (Figs. 2-3). The basic features of the mono-core dwelling are classified as entrance, chimney, roof, openings, room, courtyard and wall. The shape, dimension and place of these features in the overall design are determined by three basic factors such as construction materials, climate and function which is shown in Table 1. According to this table stone and wood as construction materials basically determines the shape, the climate deterıııines basically the place o f entrance and chimney, and the functions private to the family determine the arrangements of the mono-core dwelling.

TY PO LO G ICA L ANALYSIS O F TH E V ERN A CU LA R HOUSES

This research is held in a neighborhood of D atça called Reşadiye which was the çenter of the town until 1947. Thus it is the village where the distinguishing vernacular examples of the peninsula are densely found. Ali of the vernacular houses of the village are recorded and comparatively analyzed considering the other villages where the author held observational studies. An analytic method composed of two steps is proposed in the study. In the first step, the vernacular plans of the houses are decomposed into its identical spaces and in the second step the basic common identical space is decomposed into its determ inant features. Thus a pattern language that determines the forms is developed. The basic identical unit observed on the peninsula is called as “m ono-core dvvelling” and the follovving types are erected considering the basic determ inants of the mono-core dwelling. 3.1

M ono-core chvelling type/Type A (O.B.

Mono-core dwellirıg type ( Type A )

The mono-core dwelling is the simplest unit, in other words, the primitive type seen in Reşadiye Mahallesi and D atça Peninsula. This basic unit demostrates the common social and architectural characteristics of M editerranean Coastal Region with its inhabitants’ similar extroverted life style,

- Thick walls o f cut stone: Mono-core dwellings are rooms in the shape of a rectangle, enclosed with masonry stone walls whose thicknesses vary between 50 cm -80 cm. On sloped grounds, buildings are erected by using raised wooden

94

floors vvıth a level of difference. When rocky ground does not perm it digging. eıther ıt ıs filled \vith soil for leveliing or convenient flat surfaces a re ereated by raised vvooden floors resting on the walls above the ground. Rectangular room: Rectangular rooms are divided into two chambers. The ehamber closer to the entrance is used for service functions as storage and bathing and comprises the cupboards naminü hamamlık, yüklük and ambar. The other one ıs the front of the fireplace which is the heart of the dweiling with its most common use for the functions as cooking, eating. sitting and sleepinü. This living part is usually built on a raised vvooden floor. one or two steps above the ground. a nd the entrance part is left as pressed earth. Bulged fireplace with flankirıg windows: There is a fırepİace-oven-which is located at the middle of the short façade being far from the entrance and there are two windows svmmetrically placed next to the fire place. The fireplace faces north direction that directly opposes to the prevailing wind on north-west and south-east direc­ tion. The other windows are on the long facades opposed to each other near to fireplace.

- Southfacing courtyard, hanay, and entrance with e.rterior stairs: M ono-core d\velling is usually placed in detached order in large plots and a common place w here the daily life o f local people pass is shaped in front o f the dvvelling in varying sızes. The entrance door o f the dwelling is placed either on the long facade far from the fireplace or on the short façade opposing the fireplace near the midpoint. The entrance door faces the common place in front o f the dwelling and is raised trom the ground with two or three steps. This common place is called as hanay in some villages ot the peninsula. It is separated with a low thick wall trom the garden. Furtherm ore the common place. nanay, is differentiated from the garden with its ground pavement as stone tapestry or thin concrete layer. U nder the moderato climatic conditıons in winter and hot sıımmer season, the inhabitants of the village prefer to live outside. W ith their extroverted character ot social life, the common place. hanay, is the Cen­ tral open or semi-open space for local people. - Earthen fla t roof: Mono-core dvvellings are covered with earthen flat roofs coated with water-resistant soil called horosan. When tlıe rural dweller finds that the ceiling is dripping. he climbs the rooftop and mends the horasan coating b> compressing it with a cvlindrical piece of stone called yürgü. which he rolls to and fro on the spot. In time the earthen flat roofs vvere replaced with the pitched tiled roofs because it became possible for the rural dweller to buy roof tiles.

Table 1. Relation o f features o f the mono-core dwelling witli the determinants. Materials Entrance Chimney Roof Openings Room

Determ ine form Determ ine form Determ ine form

Courtyard Wall

Climate

Functıon

Determ ine direction Determine direction

Determine place

Each of the above stated determinants constitute a field o f relationships that can be interpreted in differeııt ways. Locality. climate and the local functions are constant factors determining the relatıons of the basic features of the mono-core dwelling (table 1). The mono-core dwellings can be grouped according to its number of storeys as one floor. one floor with basement and two floors. The examples with a basement floor are usually erected on the sloped grounds. Furtherm ore the rural dweller

Determ ine place Determine arragement Determ ine arragement

Determ ine form

a loııg facade

Figüre 3.

Architectural plans and façade arrangem ents o f the mono-core dwelling (O.B. Avsar).

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3.2

The follovving types are varied combinations of the pattern of mono-core dwelling type (Fig. 7). They are diversified according to the rising demand for elosed space because of the insufficiency of the mono-core unit for the funetions of living, sleeping and cooking. Moreover. these are the types transformed in terms of changing lifestyles. especialh after 1970s with the impact of Datça-Marmaris road. The improvement on the infrastruetura] facilities affected the use of spaces; for instance. the publıc \vater was reached to the inside of almost ali traditional dwellings. The craftsmen coming for job opportunities introduced new techniques to the settlement. As a result new rooms as kitehen. bathroom are added. vvhile some funetions as sleeping. bathing are separated from the mono-core unit,

Figüre 4. M ono-core chvelling vvith basement floor (O.B. Avsar).

Figüre 5.

Figüre 6. Avsar).

Variatiorıs o f mono-core dwelling

3.2.1 Type B Type B is composed of a mono-core dwelling and a smailer room attached to it on the short façade. This type is the advanced form of mono-core unit with an entrance on the short façade that the service chamber of the basic unit is detached into another room. Thus the rectangular room is left for sıtting and sleeping and the additional room is used for cooking and eating (Figs. 5-7). The separation of the funetions is also clear from the mass composition of the type: the heıght of the additional kitehen is lower than the basic rectangular unit. Again a bulged fireplace is found in the kitehen either on the short façade or on the corner opposing the entrance. On the sloped grouııds the d\velling is built vvith a basement floor used for storage. Ali the other abo\e stated features determining the architecture of the mono-core dvvelling are valid for type B.

Example o f dwelling for type B (O.B. Avsar).

3.2.2 Type C Type C is composed of a privatized entrance hole and t\vo flanking rooms. one with a bulged fireplace and the other ıs \vithout fireplace (Fig. 7). Both of the rooms have the shape of a square and they are smailer than the rectangular room of the monocore duelling. Furtherm ore the combination of the entrance hole vvith the adjacent room ensures approximately the dimensions of the mono-core unit. Thus the plan type can be interpreted as the interseetion of two mono-core units. On sloped grounds the dvvelling is built with a basement floor. The examples vvith two storeys are the most advanced ones on the peninsula. In two-storeyed examples the entrance holes are enlarged in order to make place for a wooden staircase leading upstairs and usually pitehed tiled roofs cover these buildings.

Example for '‘cluster house" type (O.B.

may prefer to build a basement floor in order to store wood. goods. big potteries inciuding olive oil. and for keeping animals (Fig. 4). Hovvever the features determining the basic rectangular unit do not change and only a stone staircase is added on the long façade. In some examples the stairheads are enclosed in order to be protected from rain. ete. The examples of two-storeyed mono-core dwelling are usually the renovated ones. W ith the rising contem porary needs the rural dweller enlarges his mono-core dvvelling by adding a second floor vvith an inner wooden staircase placed on the living chamber stated above. In this renovated examples the second floors are reserved for sleeping.

3.2.3 Cluster house This type of dvvellings is ereeted in time vvith the rising and changing demands of the inhabitants.

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Figüre 7. Analysis of the vernacular houses Datça Peninsula (O.B. Avsar).

to the prevailing wind on north-west and south-east direction. The chimney protrudes from the façade. Windows view the Street, fields or orchards (Fig. 3). The short façade has a symmetrical arrangement and the width o f the chimney, placing in the middle, is usually 1/3 of the whole façade. Thus the façade is divided into three. Accordingly, the long façade has a similar arrangement and when divided into three, there suits an opening in each 1/3 division (Fig. 3).

Various com binations o f the above stated types are held considering the basic features of the monocore unit (Figs. 6-7). This type characterizes the contemporary design approaches that the architects should follow in order to frame a harmony within the vernacular dwellings. 3.3

Site planrıing

On the northern slopes of Reşadiye, most of the dwelling units are situated in scattered pattern on large building lots. Houses come together allovving the maximum utilization of the land. Therefore the limited am ount of agricultural areas can be cultivated efficiently. Ftowever approaching the çenter of the village the settlement becomes denser, the mono-core units combine organically and constitute clusters. The bulged fireplaces with flanking windows are striking architectural elements of the streets. On the other hand the fruit trees lying behind the low stone garden walls are im portant features of the settlement also reflecting the economy of the inhabitants based on agricultural deals. 3.4

3.5

Constuction materials

Stone is an easily reachable building material on the peninsula. According to the accounts of the inhabitants at the beginning of the century there were large lands of oak trees which were used as tim ber in the constructions. However, in order to obtain farm lands the oak trees were cut down and today there aren’t any oak trees on the peninsula. M asonry stone is used for both the walls of the houses and gardens. The thicknesses o f the stone walls vary between 50-80 cm. and clay mixed with chaff and stuffing is used instead of cement. Timber obtained from oak tree is used basically in load bearing beams of the earthen-flat roof and in the production of openings and shutters. The timber beams are laid consecutively along the long side o f the mono-core unit and a layer of reeds is obtained on them in order to bear the earth pressed on top. The type of earth called “horasan” used on the flat roofs are obtained from the skirts of the mountains on the

Façade arragemen ts

In Datça Peninsula the plan types of the vernacular dwellings are simple and artless reflecting the basic needs of the indigenous people. Thus the façade arrangements convey a similar approach. The prominent façade is the short facade of the monocore dwelling with a chimney and flanking windows, giving the impression of a human face. This façade generally faces north direction that directly opposes

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Figüre 8

Interpretation o f the m ono-core dwelling in contem porarv architectural ianguage (O.B. Avsar).

south-east side of the peninsula. In short ali the constructions materials used in the dwellings are products of nature around.

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pıecemeal \ erııacular pattern İanguage. The cluster house type stated above forms a suitable example vvhich both fits the \ernacular fabric and responds to contem porary needs (Figs. 7-8).

SUSTAİNABLE FEA TU RES O F THE V ERN A CU LA R HOUSES

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CO N CLU SIO N

In this study the vernacular d\vellings of Datça Peninsula has been extensively researched and an analytic method ıs proposed to understand the ınherent design principles of the vernacular dwellings. The intention of the research ıs to reveal the vernacular design principles and to drive a set of guidelines from them for the new architects and planners in the aim to sustain the traditional and natural values. The vernacular dwellings of the peninsula are structures that are developed by the indigenous people vvith the difficulties of the restraints of the nature. Mono-core dwelling is the simplest and archetypaJ dwelling vvhich responds to users' needs and demonstrates the natural characteristies of the environment. Thus the determinants and architectural feature of the mono-core dwelling form the basis of the guidelines of the future planning of the peninsula. The "cluster house” type vvhich is vernacularly derived from the mono-core dwelling clearly constitutes the way of architectural planning for the contemporary architects. Moreover in the future designs of the peninsula the ver­ nacular construction materials should be sustained both for vernacular architectural ratios and the o\ erall texture o f the built environment.

The determ inants features of the mono-core dvvelling should be sustained in order to be atıuned to nature and vernacular fabric. The architectural proportıons and solid-void rates of the prismatic unit are results of years of trial and error method of the ındigenous people (Figs 3-7). Especially the narrow side façade of the mono-core dvvelling is the most original and predom inant architectural feature of the peninsula which should be sustained in its literal proportions. Bulged fireplaces and small windows are the other architectural elements to be sustained. On the other hand the circulation realms of the prismatic unit and the accordingly shaped inner decoration can be interpreted in contemporarv architectural designs (Fig. 7). Masonry natural sıone as the basic construction material is the determ inant feature of the vernacular shapes and tbrms. If it is replaced by commonly used reinforced concrete materiai it may be difficult to sustain both the vernacular architectural ratios and natural balance. It is clear that vvith the construction of new M arm aris-Datca highway. the tourism activities in the peninsula will grow up steeply. vvhich will cause a need for new hotels and motels and thus either new buildings will be constructed or the existing vernacular buildings will be reused. In future planning of the settlements on the peninsula original site plannmg and architectural features should be taken into consideration. In this study it is proposed that vernacular dwellıngs display various com binations of the mono-core dwelling (Fıg. 8). Thus the contemporary architectural İanguage of the peninsula could easily be a continuation of this

REFE R E N C E S Aran. K. 2000. Bevond Shelter: Anatulian Indigenous Buildings. İstanbul: Tepe Architectural Culture Çenter. Avşar. B.O. 2001. Research o f traditional fabric o f Reşadiye Neighborhood in Datça Peninsula. İzmir: unprinted m aster thesis.

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